Table 4.

Potential effects of alkaloids on ALI.

Active ingredients	Models of ALI	Doses (mg/kg)	Relevant findings	Ref.
Berberine	ALI in mice induced by LPS	10	Activate PERK-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis	[49]
	ALI in mice induced by CS	50	Inhibit NF-κB activation	[50]
Sinomenine	ALI in mice induced by E. coli	100	Inhibit the activation of NF-κB and upregulate the expression of Nrf2	[51]
	ALI in mice induced by LPS	100	Activate Nrf2 and autophagy	[52]
Matrine	ALI in mice induced by LPS	10 and 20	Decrease the expressions of COX-2 and ICAM-1	[53]
Protostemonine	ALI in mice induced by HKMRSA	20	Inhibit MAPK and NF-κB pathways	[54]
	ALI in mice induced by LPS	10	Inhibit iNOS and NO expression, and suppress MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling transduction in macrophages	[55]
Betanin	ALI in rats induced by PQ	25 and 100	Decrease the levels of IL-1 and TNF-α, and the activity of NF-κB	[56]
Tabersonine	ALI in mice induced by LPS	20 and 40	Reduce the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF6	[128]
Anisodamine	ALI in rats induced by LPS	10	Inhibit the levels of IL-17A and IL-17F	[129]
Magnoflorine	ALI in mice induced by LPS	5, 10, and 20	Suppress TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK activation	[130]
Sophocarpine	ALI in mice induced by LPS	12.5, 25, and 50	Inhibit TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK pathways	[131]