Table 5.

Potential effects of quinonoids on ALI.

Active ingredients	Models of ALI	Doses (mg/kg)	Relevant findings	Ref.
Emodin	ALI in mice induced by LPS	20	Upregulate the expression of BECN1 and LC3-II	[61]
	ALI in rats induced by SAP	10	Decrease the expression of PBEF	[62]
	ALI in rats induced by CLP	25	Inhibit p38 MAPK pathway, and reduce oxidative stress and inflammation response	[63]
	ALI in mice induced by CS	20 and 40	Enhance the expressions and activities of HO-1 and Nrf-2	[64]
Chrysophanol	ALI in mice induced by PQ	10 and 20	Activate PPAR-γ and inhibit NF-κB pathway	[65]
Tanshinone IIA	ALI in mice induced by LPS	10	Modulate Sirt1/NF-κB pathway	[66]
	ALI in rats induced by PQ	25	Enhance the levels of ACE2 and Ang-(1-7)	[67]
	ALI in rats induced by seawater aspiration	10	Downregulate MIF and the activity of NF-κB	[68]
Cryptotanshinone	ALI in mice induced by LPS	10, 20, and 40	Inhibit TLR4-mediated NF-κB pathways	[69]
	ALI in rats induced by radiation	20	Regulate the production and release of inflammatory cytokines especially MMP-1, and inhibit the activation of CCL3/CCR1	[70]
Embelin	ALI in rats induced by PQ	20	Suppress oxidative stress and inflammatory cascade by modulating MAPK/NF-κB pathway	[71]
Shikonin	ALI in rats induced by LPS	12.5, 25, and 50	Regulate miRNA-140-5p/TLR4-a	[72]
	ALI in mice induced by LPS	12.5 and 25	Inhibit MD2-TLR4 complex formation	[73]
Aloin	ALI in mice induced by LPS	1.6~12.4	Reduce inflammatory gene iNOS by inhibition activity and p-STAT-1 and NF-κB	[132]