Table 3.
Immunological findings of the hospitalized (n = 48) and non-hospitalized (n = 53) patients with COVID-19. All variables are reported as the median (interquartile range). The P-value was calculated by non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test
| Immune markers | HospitalizedMedian (IQR) | Non-hospitalizedMedian (IQR) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL-6 | 33 (8.36–86.28) | 3.71 (1.58–12.58) | 0.0000 |
| CD3+ | 62.03 (53.18–71.11) | 70.85 (64.30–73.63) | 0.0100 |
| CD4+ | 56.99 (50.34–67.47) | 61.47 (52.46–66.14) | 0.3166 |
| CD8+ | 34.4 (25.12–42.83) | 31.88 (26.09–38.28) | 0.3166 |
| CD19+ | 14.22 (7.27–21.54) | 11.23 (8.01–13.69) | 0.2922 |
| CD56+ | 18.27 (9.90–26.58) | 15.33 (11.17–20.67) | 0.2986 |
| TEM CD4+ | 13.3 (6.82–22.42) | 10.33 (8.21–14.27) | 0.1432 |
| Naïve CD4+ | 25.4 (14.99–36.88) | 32.75 (23.51–39.50) | 0.0343 |
| TCM CD4+ | 50.91 (43.31–42.83) | 53.02 (46.72–58.33) | 0.7299 |
| TEMRA CD4+ | 0.37 (0.05–1.51) | 0.17 (0.05–0.80) | 0.3368 |
| CD27−CD28−Naïve CD4+ | 0.03 (0.000.20) | 0.02 (0.00–0.05) | 0.4492 |
| CD27−CD28+Naïve CD4+ | 0.81 (0.19–1.72) | 0.34 (0.18–0.65) | 0.0548 |
| CD27+CD28−Naïve CD4+ | 0.19 (0.06–0.45) | 0.11 (0.04–0.23) | 0.0397 |
| CD27+CD28+Naïve CD4+ | 99 (97.15–99.67) | 99.48 (98.90–99.71) | 0.0213 |
| CD27−CD28−TCM CD4+ | 0.54 (0.11–1.58) | 0.29 (0.05–1.07) | 0.4597 |
| CD27−CD28+TCM CD4+ | 5.68 (4.88–7.63) | 6.57 (4.22–7.97) | 0.4769 |
| CD27+CD28−TCM CD4+ | 0.15 (0.05–0.40) | 0.09 (0.04–0.19) | 0.1800 |
| CD27+CD28+TCM CD4+ | 93.24 (89.94–94.59) | 92.55 (91.38–94.62) | 0.9257 |
| CD27−CD28−TEM CD4+ | 22.3 (4.98–42.01) | 8.46 (2.44–29.36) | 0.0698 |
| CD27−CD28+TEM CD4+ | 27.34 (20.20–35.31) | 31.99 (22.05–37.79) | 0.1589 |
| CD27+CD28−TEM CD4+ | 0.79 (0.28–1.74) | 0.76 (0.35–1.42) | 0.8819 |
| CD27+CD28+TEM CD4+ | 47.37 (25.23–58.87) | 52.47 (39.59–61.43) | 0.0737 |
| CD27−CD28−TEMRA CD4+ | 51.92 (0.00–79.48) | 50.00 (11.99–77.08) | 0.8673 |
| CD27−CD28+ TEMRA CD4+ | 12 (2.35–23.09) | 18.00 (6.07–27.75) | 0.3042 |
| CD27+CD28− TEMRA CD4+ | 3.685 (0.00–9.55) | 3.23 (0.00–6.02) | 0.3909 |
| CD27+CD28+ TEMRA CD4+ | 10.265 (1.80–39.20) | 19.23 (3.53–51.09) | 0.2330 |
| PD-1−CD57+CD4+ | 1.46 (0.38–3.59) | 0.89 (0.50–3.64) | 0.9285 |
| PD-1+CD57−CD4+ | 17.59 (14.16–23.48) | 13.63 (10.24–18.20) | 0.0007 |
| PD-1+CD57+CD4+ | 5.48 (1.66–12.88) | 2.97 (1.56–5.98) | 0.0396 |
| CD45RA−PD-1+CD4+ | 13.48 (9.29–20.30) | 12.57 (8.19–17.09) | 0.4413 |
| Naïve CD8+ | 14.31 (4.48–36.24) | 27.82 (14.84–37.89) | 0.0099 |
| TCM CD8+ | 8.64 (4.71–13.83) | 10.5 (7.58–16.86) | 0.0523 |
| TEM CD8+ | 30.23 (18.20–40.65) | 29.26 (22.32–37.58) | 0.9394 |
| TEMRA CD8+ | 31.85 (16.54–45.24) | 23.46 (15.30–31.33) | 0.0731 |
| CD27−CD28−Naïve CD8+ | 00 (00–0.85) | 0.07 (0.00–0.33) | 0.3339 |
| CD27−CD28+Naïve CD8+ | 0.270 (0.06–1.020) | 0.19 (0.09–0.41) | 0.3816 |
| CD27+CD28−Naïve CD8+ | 3.92 (2.44–7.05) | 2.67 (1.22–5.79) | 0.1244 |
| CD27+CD28+Naïve CD8+ | 94.93 (87.39–97.33) | 96.2 (90.48–98.47) | 0.0913 |
| CD27−CD28−TCM CD8+ | 1.67 (0.72–5.57) | 0.74 (0.40–2.14) | 0.0262 |
| CD27−CD28+TCM CD8+ | 2.06 (1.14–4.32) | 1.21 (0.82–2.56) | 0.0486 |
| CD27+CD28−TCM CD8+ | 5.63 (3.45–8.76) | 5.33 (3.29–7.57) | 0.7533 |
| CD27+CD28+TCM CD8+ | 88.88 (83.05–93.55) | 91.69 (87.16–94.55) | 0.0688 |
| CD27−CD28−TEM CD8+ | 47.25 (24.14–57.68) | 25.76 (15.45–40.84) | 0.0017 |
| CD27−CD28+TEM CD8+ | 6.41 (3.63–10.93) | 6.26 (4.81–9.65) | 0.6761 |
| CD27+CD28−TEM CD8+ | 12.95 (7.86–20.89) | 15.99 (12.64–20.75) | 0.1252 |
| CD27+CD28+TEM CD8+ | 28.71 (21.38–45.66) | 43.95 (32.92–59.75) | 0.0007 |
| CD27−CD28−TEMRA CD8+ | 76.65 (57.97–87.09) | 71.34 (61.51–79.33) | 0.1413 |
| CD27−CD28+ TEMRA CD8+ | 1.31 (0.55–3.25) | 0.91 (0.41–1.65) | 0.1460 |
| CD27+CD28− TEMRA CD8+ | 16.33 (10.29–27.73) | 21.07 (15.00–28.39) | 0.0286 |
| CD27+CD28+ TEMRA CD8+ | 4.13 (1.59–9.58) | 5.10 (3.10–10.24) | 0.1906 |
| PD-1−CD57+CD8+ | 14.91 (9.49–26.96) | 13.10 (6.22–23.24) | 0.1499 |
| PD-1+CD57−CD8+ | 24.34 (20.34–33.40) | 29.70 (23.13–34.56) | 0.1010 |
| PD-1+CD57+CD8+ | 16.86 (11.35–27.96) | 11.98 (8.96–15.41) | 0.0078 |
| CD45RA−PD-1+CD8+ | 21.48 (13.53–33.84) | 13.88 (11.78–19.79) | 0.0023 |
| CD3+CD4−CD8− | 4.08 (3.00–6.19) | 4.55 (3.69–6.44) | 0.2362 |
| CD16−CD56+ | 3.01 (2.28–4.37) | 3.07 (2.28–5.82) | 0.5297 |
| CD16+CD56+ | 95.3 (92.88–96.60) | 95.06 (92.31–96.03) | 0.4171 |
| CD14+ | 3.91 (2.19–6.31) | 7.43 (6.09–10.10) | 0.0000 |
| LCD14+ | 0.59 (0.30–1.02) | 0.64 (0.44–1.03) | 0.2038 |
| LCD16−CD14+ | 72.7 (59.38–87.69) | 84.71 (80.46–88.61) | 0.0008 |
| LCD16+CD14+ | 27.3 (12.31–40.62) | 15.29 (11.39–9.54) | 0.0009 |
| SCD14+ | 2.46 (1.21–4.10) | 4.58 (3.34–5.53) | 0.0000 |
| sCD16−CD14+ | 81.52 (71.72–88.07) | 83.16 (73.99–89.12) | 0.9422 |
| sCD16+CD14+ | 18.48 (11.93–27.70) | 16.84 (10.88–26.01) | 0.9257 |
IL-6, interleukin 6; IQR, interquartile range.