Table 1.

Molecular targets and their therapeutic interventions for COVID-19

Category	Target	Drug/biologic	Trials ID	Phase
Cell entry blockers	ACE	Arbidol	NCT04260594	Phase 4
		rhACE2 APN01	NCT04335136	Phase 2
		rbACE2	NCT04375046	Phase 1
	Spike	REGN-COV2 (REGN10933 + REGN10987) Placebo	NCT04425629 NCT04426695 NCT04452318	Phase 2 Phase 3
		XAV-19	NCT04453384	Phase 2
		CT-P59 Placebo	NCT04602000	Phase 2
		SAB-185 Normal Saline	NCT04469179 NCT04468958	Phase 1 Phase 2
		VIR-7831 Placebo	NCT04545060	Phase 2 Phase 3
		VIR-7831 BRII-196/BRII-198 LY3819253 Remdesivir Placebo	NCT04501978	Phase 3
		LY3819253 LY3832479 Placebo	NCT04427501 NCT04497987 NCT04634409	Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 2
Fusion blockers	TMPRSS2	Nafamostat mesilate	NCT04390594 NCT04418128	Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 3
		Nafamostat mesilate Placebo	NCT04352400	Phase 2 Phase 3
		Nafamostat mesilate TD139 Standard care	NCT04473053	Phase 2 Phase 3
RTC inhibitors	RdRp	Remdesivir Standard care	NCT04292899 NCT04292730	Phase 3
		Remdesivir Placebo	NCT04280705	Phase 3
		Favipiravir Standard care	NCT04542694 NCT04600999	Phase 3
		Favipiravir Hydroxychloroquine	NCT04359615	Phase 4
IFN	IFNR	Interferon β-1b	NCT04465695	Phase 2
	IFNR/3CLpro/immune system	Hydroxychloroquine Lopinavir/ritonavir Interferon β-1a Interferon β-1b	NCT04343768	Phase 2
	IFNR/RdRp	Interferon β-1b Remdesivir	NCT04647695	Phase 2
	IFNR/RdRp	Lopinavir/ritonavir Ribavirin Interferon β-1b	NCT04276688	Phase 2 Phase 3
		Interferon α-2b Rintatolimod	NCT04379518	Phase 1 Phase 2
		Interferon α-1b Thymosin α1	NCT04320238	Phase 3
		Peginterferon λ-1A Placebo	NCT04354259 NCT04343976 NCT04344600 NCT04388709	Phase 2
Cytokines inhibitors	IL-6R	Tocilizumab Placebos	NCT04356937	Phase 3
		Tocilizumab	NCT04331795	Phase 2
		Tocilizumab	NCT04363736	Phase 2
		Tocilizumab Placebos	NCT04320615	Phase 3
		Tocilizumab Anakinra	NCT04339712	Phase 2
		Sarilumab	NCT04327388	Phase 3
		Sarilumab Placebos	NCT04315298	Phase 2 Phase 3
		Sarilumab	NCT04661527	Phase 2
		Sarilumab	NCT04359901	Phase 2
		Siltuximab	NCT04329650	Phase 2
		Siltuximab	NCT04330638	Phase 3
	IL-1	Anakinra Tocilizumab	NCT04339712	Phase 2
		Anakinra	NCT04443881	Phase 2 Phase 3
		Anakinra Placebos	NCT04680949	Phase 3
		Anakinra Tocilizumab Standard care	NCT04412291	Phase 2
		Anakinra	NCT04357366	Phase 2
		Anakinra Standard care	NCT04643678	Phase 2
		Anakinra Normal saline	NCT04362111	Phase 3
		Anakinra Tocilizumab Siltuximab	NCT04330638	Phase 3
	BTK	Anakinra	NCT04148430	Phase 2
		Acalabrutinib	NCT04564040 NCT04380688	Phase 1 Phase 2
		Ibrutinib	NCT04375397 NCT04665115	Phase 2
Corticosteroids	Immune suppressor	Dexamethasone Hydroxychloroquine	NCT04347980	Phase 3
		Dexamethasone (IV, nasal)	NCT04513184	Phase 2
		Dexamethasone	NCT04509973	Phase 3
		Dexamethasone  Methylprednisolone	NCT04603729	Phase 3
		Dexamethasone  Methylprednisolone	NCT04499313	Phase 3
		Dexamethasone	NCT04395105	Phase 3
		Dexamethasone Remdesivir Baricitinib Placebo	NCT04640168	Phase 3
		Dexamethasone (early) Dexamethasone (late)	NCT04530409	Phase 4
		NA-831 NA-831 & atazanavir NA-831 & dexamethasone Atazanavir & dexamethasone	NCT04452565	Phase 2 Phase 3
Corticosteroids		Dexamethasone Tocilizumab	NCT04476979	Phase 2
CQ and HCQ	TLRs/NLRs	HCQ	40 trials are withdrawn or terminated, 52 are completed, and ~100 studies are active
		CQ	3 trials are terminated and few are active