Table 1.

Inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients

Inflammatory marker	Main cell source	In COVID-19 patients	Reference
IL-6	Macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells	Independent and significant predictors of disease severity and death	Abers et al., 2021; Arunachalam et al., 2020; Bernardes et al., 2020; Brunetta et al., 2021; Del Valle et al., 2020; Galani et al., 2021; Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al., 2020; Hadjadj et al., 2020; Laing et al., 2020; Lucas et al., 2020; Mann et al., 2020; Ren et al., 2021; Ramlall et al., 2020; Rodrigues et al., 2021; Silvin et al., 2020; Su et al., 2020
TNF	Macrophges, T cells, NK cells	Correlated with disease severity and poor prognosis	Arunachalam et al., 2020; Bernardes et al., 2020; Blanco-Melo et al., 2020; Chua et al., 2020; Del Valle et al., 2020; Galani et al., 2021; Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al., 2020; Hadjadj et al., 2020; Karki et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2020; Ren et al., 2021
IFNγ	Th1 cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells	Shown to be increased in severe cases	Grant et al., 2021; Karki et al., 2021; Lucas et al., 2020; Ren et al., 2021
IL-1β	Macrophages, epithelial cells	Associated with cytokine storms	Bernardes et al., 2020; Chua et al., 2020; Grant et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2020; Ren et al., 2021
IL-18	Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells	Positively correlated with disease severity	Lucas et al., 2020; Rodrigues et al., 2021
IL-8 (CXCL8)	Macrophages, epithelial cells	Correlated with disease seveirty and associated with cytokine storms	Abers et al., 2021; Blanco-Melo et al., 2020; Chua et al., 2020; Del Valle et al., 2020; Galani et al., 2021; Laing et al., 2020; Silvin et al., 2020; Ren et al., 2021
Complement	Hepatocytes, other cells	Increased in proportion to the severity of COVID-19	Carvelli et al., 2020; Ramlall et al., 2020