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. 2021 May 18;64(8):1822–1833. doi: 10.1007/s00125-021-05468-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Circadian patterns in type 1 diabetes. (a–e) Daily variations observed in immune populations that have statistically significant circadian rhythmicity. A statistically fitted circadian curve is superimposed on data from each participant. Box-plots summarise data at each sampling time point, N=10. (a) B cells, (b) DCs, (c) effector memory CD4, (d) effector memory CD8 and (e) Treg . (f) Mean within-subject difference (95% CI) in cell populations sampled at 01:00 minus 09:00 hours in type 1 diabetes patients. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are indicated by asterisks. Class. mono., classical monocytes; Nonclass. mono., non-classical monocytes; TN, naive T cells; TEM, effector memory T cells; TCM, central memory T cells