. 2021 May 18;64(8):1822–1833. doi: 10.1007/s00125-021-05468-6

Table 2.

Adaptive and innate immune population circadian peak level and time of peak in participants with type 1 diabetes

Immune cell population	Circadian rhythmicity	Peak (SD units)	95% CI	Time of peak^a	95% CI
Granulocytes	†‡	0.67	0.4015, 0.9699	12:54	10:48, 14:24
Monocytic/lymphocytes	†‡	0.68	0.4245, 0.9868	00:24	00:04, 23:54
B cells	†‡	0.76	0.5116, 1.0415	01:06	00:09, 23:48
DCs	†‡	0.61	0.3484, 0.9135	00:42	00:08, 23:54
Monocytes	†‡	0.51	0.2350, 0.8465	10:24	07:48, 12:56
Classical monocytes	†‡	0.75	0.5147, 1.0212	03:54	02:24, 5:30
Non-classical monocytes	†‡	0.75	0.5073, 1.0218	15:54	14:24, 17:30
NK cells		0.34	0.1028, 0.6932	13:30	08:42, 17:36
CD56^dim NK cells		0.37	0.1126, 0.7228	15:05	10:48, 18:57
CD56^bright NK cells		0.36	0.1082, 0.7175	03:06	00:24, 23:04
NKT cells	†	0.45	0.1899, 0.7773	15:18	12:12, 16:12
CD4 T cells	†‡	0.89	0.6418, 1.1502	00:18	00:02, 23:57
CD4 naive T cells	†‡	0.74	0.4818, 1.0243	02:36	01:12, 4:12
CD4 effector memory T cells	†‡	0.48	0.2039, 0.8316	11:48	08:58, 14:30
CD4 TEMRA		0.12	0.0453, 0.5306	11:36	22:24, 1:24
CD4 central memory T cells		0.23	0.0618, 0.6129	16:24	02:54, 22:48
Treg cells	†‡	0.79	0.5150, 1.0817	23:30	00:03, 23:58
CD8 T cells	†‡	0.86	0.6293, 1.1150	01:04	00:06, 23:36
CD8 naive T cells	†‡	0.93	0.6974, 1.1822	01:06	00:12, 2:12
CD8 effector memory T cells	†‡	0.95	0.7250, 1.1971	12:48	11:54, 13:36
CD8 TEMRA		0.30	0.0891, 0.6603	14:54	08:54, 19:03
CD8 central memory T cells		0.31	0.0979, 0.6590	16:54	12:06, 21:24
CD4⁻CD8⁻ T cells		0.16	0.0495, 0.5478	15:18	02:06, 22:30
CD4CD8 T cells	†‡	0.50	0.2205, 0.8425	00:03	23:54, 00:05
Unidentified cells	†‡	0.71	0.4408, 1.0231	13:30	12:06, 15:00

^a24 h clock time

^†Statistically significant, p < 0.05

^‡Statistically significant at 10% FDR; see ESM Table 4