Table 3.
Hazard ratios for covariates on univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis
| Covariate | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | (95% CI) | p value | HR | (95% CI) | p value | |
| Pump group | 0.58 | 0.39, 0.88 | 0.01 | 0.56 | 0.34, 0.91 | 0.02 |
| Age at study entry | 0.98 | 0.96, 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.96, 0.99 | <0.01 |
| Male sex | 0.84 | 0.55, 1.29 | 0.43 | 0.69 | 0.40, 1.19 | 0.18 |
| Diabetes duration | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.01 | 0.65 | 1.03 | 1.02, 1.05 | <0.001 |
| Baseline HbA1c | 1.03 | 1.01, 1.03 | <0.001 | 1.03 | 1.01, 1.04 | <0.001 |
| Systolic | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.01 | 0.68 | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.02 | 0.92 |
| Diastolic | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.02 | 0.61 | 1.01 | 0.99, 1.04 | 0.36 |
| Cholesterol | 0.97 | 0.78, 1.22 | 0.82 | 0.94 | 0.73, 1.21 | 0.62 |
| Creatinine | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.01 | 0.87 | 1.01 | 1.00, 1.02 | 0.01 |
| SIMD | 0.89 | 0.77, 1.03 | 0.13 | 0.94 | 0.79, 1.12 | 0.51 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | ||||
| Ex-smoker | 1.54 | 0.98, 2.41 | 0.06 | 1.89 | 1.13, 3.17 | 0.02 |
| Current smoker | 1.60 | 0.84, 3.08 | 0.15 | 0.94 | 0.43, 2.07 | 0.88 |
| Baseline diabetic retinopathy grading | ||||||
| R0 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | ||||
| R1 | 0.11 | 0.06, 0.20 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.03, 0.13 | <0.001 |
| R2 | 5.43 | 1.32, 22.32 | 0.02 | 2.90 | 0.62, 13.6 | 0.18 |
| R3 | 1.04 | 0.38, 2.84 | 0.94 | 0.28 | 0.09, 0.86 | 0.03 |
Ref., reference