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. 2021 Apr 14;473(7):1117–1136. doi: 10.1007/s00424-021-02557-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — In vitro models of myocardial-microvascular interaction. (a) Spheroid based static co-culture of cardiomyocytes (CM), fibroblast (FB), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) [194]. (b) Co-differentiated human-induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM)-endothelial cell (EC) 3D microtissue (MT) [47]. (c) Microfluidic Biowire setup used for creation of perfused cardiomyocyte bundle [202]. (d) Microfluidic Angiochip designed to create branching vascular network and endothelialised multi-layer cardiac tissue [212]. (e) Cell sheet technology combined with a perfusion bioreactor creating a vascularized thick tissue [166]. (f) Multi-material extrusion-based bioprinting technique creating thick tissue with vascular lumen [88]. (g) Bioprinted patient-specific thick, perfused, and vascularized cardiac patch made from omental tissue (OM) [136]. (h) Embryoid body (EB)– based bioprinted cardiac tissue using SWIFT method [175]