Table 1.
Characteristics of ABI study population (n = 816) stratified according to tertiles of SDCGM
| Characteristic | First SDCGM tertile: 0.32–0.72 mmol/l (n = 276) |
Second SDCGM tertile: 0.73–1.00 mmol/l (n = 267) |
Third SDCGM tertile: 1.01–4.81 mmol/l (n = 273) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 57.8 ± 8.9 | 59.3 ± 8.7 | 62.1 ± 7.7 |
| Women, n | 147 (53.3) | 126 (47.2) | 125 (45.8) |
| Education (low/medium/high) | |||
| n | 63/76/137 | 86/80/101 | 107/71/95 |
| % | 22.8/27.5/49.6 | 32.2/30.0/37.8 | 39.2/26.0/34.8 |
| Glycaemic variables | |||
| GMS, NGM/PreD/T2D/T1D | |||
| n | 230/40/6/0 | 166/76/25/0 | 58/59/154/2 |
| % | 83.3/14.5/2.2/0 | 62.2/28.5/9.4/0 | 21.2/21.6/56.4/0.7 |
| Newly diagnosed T2D | 6 (2.2) | 18 (6.7) | 44 (16.1) |
| FPG, mmol/l | 5.1 [4.9–5.5] | 5.4 [5.0–5.9] | 6.5 [5.4–7.6] |
| 2 h post-load glucose, mmol/l | 5.5 [4.7–6.9] | 6.4 [5.2–8.0] | 10.3 [7.2–14.5] |
| MSGCGM, mmol/l | 5.7 [5.4–6.0] | 6.0 [5.7–6.3] | 7.1 [6.4–8.1] |
| SDCGM, mmol/l | 0.63 [0.55–0.68] | 0.84 [0.77–0.93] | 1.40 [1.17–1.86] |
| CVCGM, % | 10.8 [9.9–11.7] | 14.0 [13.0–15.3] | 19.9 [17.5–23.9] |
| TIRCGM, % | 100.0 [100.0–100.0] | 100.0 [99.5–100.0] | 94.6 [82.1–98.4] |
| HbA1c | |||
| % | 5.4 [5.2–5.5] | 5.5 [5.4–5.7] | 6.0 [5.6–6.8] |
| mmol/mol | 35.0 [33.0–37.0] | 37.0 [35.0–39.0] | 42.0 [38.0–51.0] |
| Diabetes medication use, n | 0 (0) | 6 (2.2) | 96 (35.2) |
| Insulin | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 19 (7.0) |
| Metformin | 0 (0) | 6 (2.2) | 91 (33.3) |
| Sulfonylureas | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 21 (7.7) |
| GLP-1 analogues | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.5) |
| DDP-4 inhibitors | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) |
| Lifestyle factors | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.1 ± 3.7 | 26.7 ± 3.9 | 28.3 ± 4.8 |
| Waist circumference, cm | |||
| Men | 98.8 ± 9.9 | 100.7 ± 10.6 | 106.3 ± 12.4 |
| Women | 87.2 ± 10.7 | 90.4 ± 11.5 | 94.2 ± 12.8 |
| Physical activity, h/week | 12.5 [7.8–18.5] | 12.5 [7.5–19.6] | 11.5 [6.8–17.9] |
| Dutch healthy diet index, (range: 0–150) | 85.4 ± 17.3 | 84.5 ± 16.2 | 81.3 ± 14.6 |
| Alcohol use (none/low/high) | |||
| n | 38/179/59 | 36/180/51 | 69/164/40 |
| % | 13.8/64.9/21.4 | 13.5/67.4/19.1 | 25.3/60.1/14.7 |
| Smoking (never/former/current) | |||
| n | 122/126/28 | 100/135/32 | 95/136/42 |
| % | 44.2/45.7/10.1 | 37.5/50.6/12.0 | 34.8/49.8/15.4 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||
| History of CVD | 41 (14.9) | 28 (10.6) | 53 (19.4) |
| Office systolic BP, mmHg | 129.0 ± 17.5 | 133.3 ± 17.9 | 137.0 ± 17.9 |
| Office diastolic BP, mmHg | 73.7 ± 9.8 | 75.4 ± 10.4 | 75.9 ± 10.2 |
| MAP, mmHg | 95.5 ± 10.9 | 96.8 ± 10.7 | 98.6 ± 10.7 |
| Mean heart rate, beats/min | 59.2 ± 8.1 | 60.3 ± 8.6 | 63.3 ± 8.9 |
| Antihypertensive medication use, n | 58 (21.0) | 84 (31.5) | 142 (52.0) |
| Total-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio | 3.3 [2.8–4.3] | 3.6 [2.9–4.3] | 3.6 [2.8–4.3] |
| Triacylglycerols, mmol/l | 1.2 [0.9–1.5] | 1.3 [0.9–1.7] | 1.4 [1.0–1.9] |
| Lipid-modifying medication use, n | 31 (11.2) | 42 (15.7) | 128 (46.9) |
| eGFR, ml min−1 [1.73 m]−2 | 81.8 ± 13.0 | 79.8 ± 13.8 | 80.0 ± 10.2 |
| Albuminuria, n | 7 (2.5) | 23 (8.6) | 33 (12.2) |
| Outcome measures | |||
| cf-PWV, m/s | 8.3 ± 1.8 | 8.5 ± 1.9 | 9.5 ± 2.5 |
| carDC 10−3/kPa | 16.3 ± 5.8 | 16.5 ± 5.9 | 14.9 ± 6.1 |
| cIMT, μm | 865.6 ± 144.0 | 899.2 ± 152.3 | 906.7 ± 160.2 |
| ABI | 1.14 ± 0.10 | 1.14 ± 0.10 | 1.13 ± 0.12 |
| ABI < 0.9, n | 6 (2.2) | 8 (3.0) | 10 (3.7) |
| CWSmean, kPa | 43.8 [38.1–49.5] | 44.0 [37.7–49.7] | 44.3 [37.9–52.1] |
| CWSpuls, kPa | 21.7 [18.6–26.1] | 22.5 [18.7–26.5] | 23.2 [19.7–29.1] |
Data are reported as mean ± SD, median [IQR], or number (%) as appropriate
Data represent the study population of participants with complete data on determinant, outcome (i.e., ABI) and confounders
PreD, prediabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes; T1D, type 1 diabetes, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1; DPP-4 dipeptidase-4; SGLT2, sodium−glucose cotransporter 2