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. 2021 Jun 30;11:13605. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92989-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of high temperature (+ 3 °C than ambient) and high pCO₂ (1000 µatm) on respiration and ammonium excretion rates of sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. (a) Respiration rate and (b) ammonium (NH₄⁺) excretion rate of T. gratilla fed with experimental (black) and control (white) seagrass. Values represent mean ± SD. Ambient temperature and Control pCO₂ (experimental seagrass: n = 9, control seagrass: n = 9), Ambient temperature and High pCO₂ (experimental seagrass: n = 9, control seagrass: n = 9), High temperature and Control pCO₂ (experimental seagrass: n = 9, control seagrass: n = 8), High temperature and High pCO₂ (experimental seagrass: n = 8, control seagrass: n = 8). Different letters indicate statistically significant among conditions (Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test).