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. 2021 Jun 30;11:13558. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92922-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Outline of the stepwise differentiation procedure and key signature marker gene expressions during iPSC islet development. (a) A schematic diagram of a five-stage islet development protocol. (b,c, d) iPSC-derived cells were characterized for their pancreatic marker gene expressions at stage of definitive endoderm (b), pancreatic progenitor (c), and islet organoid (d). The expression levels were normalized to IMR90 cells. C: control; A: Ang2. Human pancreas RNA (hP) and human islet RNA (hI) were used as positive controls. Results were obtained from four independent differentiation experiments and shown as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.