Table 2.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics among Youth Ever Diagnosed with Tourette syndrome (TS) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) a
| TS-only (n=30) % (CI) | ADHD-only (n=2899) % (CI) | TS+ADHD (n=85) % (CI) | TS-only vs. ADHD-only p-value | ADHD-only vs. TS+ADHD p-value | TS-only vs. TS+ADHD p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Child Age (% 12–17 years) | 88.2% (67.8%–96.3%) | 68.5% (65.5%–71.4%) | 69.9% (53.3%–82.6%) | <0.01 | 0.85 | 0.07 |
| Sex b (% male) | 86.2% (63.1%–95.8%) | 69.9% (66.9%–72.7%) | 79.8% (63.2%–90.2%) | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.53 |
| Minority status b (% minority race/ethnicity) c | 10.4% (2.9%–31.0%) | 37.6% (34.4%–40.9%) | 32.4% (20.7%–46.7%) | <0.01 | 0.44 | 0.02 |
| Parental education b (% either parent attended at least some college or more) | 77.9% (49.1%–92.8%) | 66.0% (62.7%–69.1%) | 68.1% (51.9%–80.9%) | 0.29 | 0.78 | 0.46 |
| Federal poverty level (FPL) b,d (% living in households with income ≤200% FPL) | 28.2% (10.1%–57.8%) | 50.7% (47.5%–53.9%) | 51.0% (36.8%–65.1%) | 0.08 | 0.97 | 0.12 |
|
| ||||||
| Clinical Characteristics | ||||||
| Current TS and/or ADHD e | 70.8% (41.2%–89.3%) | 86.2% (83.9%–88.2%) | 84.4% (67.6%–93.3%) | 0.23 | 0.78 | 0.34 |
| Moderate/severe current TS and/or ADHD f | 35.5% (12.1%–68.8%) | 69.5% (66.2%–72.5%) | 69.5% (53.7%–81.8%) | 0.03 | >0.99 | 0.05 |
| Medication for current TS and/or ADHD g | 27.3% (6.5%–67.1%) | 67.2% (63.7%–70.5%) | 82.4% (70.3%–90.2%) | 0.02 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
|
| ||||||
| Other Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders h | ||||||
| Ever co-occurring | 62.9% (35.6%–83.9%) | 66.3% (63.3%–69.3%) | 95.8% (90.5%–98.2%) | 0.80 | <0.01 | 0.01 |
| Current co-occurring | 48.3% (23.6%–73.7%) | 55.9% (52.7%–59.0%) | 90.4% (82.7%–94.9%) | 0.58 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Note. Data from the 2014 National Survey of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD and Tourette Syndrome (NS-DATA) and 2011–2012 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). All data are parent-reported.
CI: 95% confidence interval; Pairwise t-tests were used to calculate differences between the three diagnostic groups.
Proportions reflected weighted values for each diagnostic group.
Data for these indicators are from the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH), all other values are from NS-DATA.
Youth were categorized as minority status if identified as Black, Hispanic, or other (i.e., not non-Hispanic White).
Federal poverty level reflects the proportion of household incomes that were less than or equal to 200% federal poverty level, using multiply imputed data for approximately 5% or less for each diagnostic group.
Reflects proportion of youth in each diagnostic group with a current disorder (i.e., TS or ADHD) at the time of NS-DATA. For the TS+ADHD group, proportion reflects youth with a current disorder of TS and/or ADHD.
Reflects proportion of youth in each group with moderate/severe current disorder (TS and/or ADHD). For TS+ADHD group, the proportion reflected the worse severity of either current disorders.
Reflects proportion of youth currently taking medication(s) for their current disorders (TS and/or ADHD).
Other co-occurring psychiatric disorders include anxiety disorders; mood disorders; bipolar disorder; post-traumatic stress disorder; obsessive-compulsive disorder; oppositional defiant disorder; conduct disorder; autism spectrum disorder or pervasive developmental disorder; intellectual disability; language disorder; learning disorder.