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. 2021 Jun 30;11:13587. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92895-5

Table 2.

Factors associated with ICU admission in hospitalized severe influenza patients.

ICU admission
(N = 217)
No ICU admission (N = 1089) Crude OR (95% CI) P value Adjusted OR (95% CI) P value
Age
 < 15 years 6 (2.8%) 49 (4.5%) 0.28 (0.11–0.74) 0.01 0.29 (0.11–0.76) 0.01
15–49 years 34 (15.7%) 103 (9.5%) Ref Ref
50–64 years 79 (36.4%) 183 (16.8%) 1.30 (0.79–2.13) 0.30 1.17 (0.71–1.94) 0.53
65–74 years 37 (17.1%) 230 (21.1%) 0.50 (0.29–0.86) 0.01 0.41 (0.23–0.74)  < 0.01
 ≥ 75 years 61 (28.1%) 524 (48.1%) 0.39 (0.24–0.64)  < 0.01 0.30 (0.17–0.53)  < 0.01
Sex
Female 81 (37.3%) 482 (44.3%) Ref Ref
Male 136 (62.7%) 607 (55.7%) 1.36 (0.99–1.86) 0.05 1.31 (0.95–1.81) 0.10
Size of municipality
 ≤ 10.000 inhabitants 41 (18.9%) 126 (11.6%) 1.33 (0.86–2.07) 0.20 1.48 (0.94–2.33) 0.09
 > 10.000 inhabitants 176 (81.1%) 963 (88.4%) Ref Ref
Comorbidities
1 70 (32.3%) 339 (31.1%) 1.06 (0.70–1.63) 0.77 1.14 (0.72–1.76) 0.60
 ≥ 2 101 (46.5%) 552 (47.9%) 0.97 (0.65–1.45) 0.90 1.08 (0.76–1.84) 0.46
No 46 (21.2%) 228 (20.9%) Ref Ref
COPD
Yes 60 (27.6%) 280 (25.7%) 1.09 (0.77–1.54) 0.63 1.11 (0.76–1.60) 0.60
No 157 (72.4%) 809 (74.3%) Ref Ref
Morbid obesity
Yes 23 (10.6%) 69 (6.3%) 1.87 (1.08–3.22) 0.02 1.66 (0.95–2.89) 0.07
No 194 (89.4%) 1020 (93.7%) Ref Ref
Diabetes
Yes 59 (27.2%) 269 (24.7%) 1.15 (0.81–1.62) 0.43 1.24 (0.87–1.78) 0.23
No 158 (72.8%) 820 (75.3%) Ref Ref
Chronic renal disease
Yes 28 (12.9%) 194 (17.8%) 0.65 (0.42–1.01) 0.06 0.78 (0.48–1.25) 0.30
No 189 (87.1%) 895 (82.2%) Ref Ref
Immune deficiency
Yes 33 (15.2%) 175 (16.1%) 0.91 (0.60–1.38) 0.65 0.86 (0.56–1.33) 0.50
No 184 (84.8%) 914 (83.9%) Ref Ref
Chronic cardiovascular disease
Yes 79 (36.4%) 416 (38.2%) 0.98 (0.71–1.34) 0.90 1.12 (0.78–1.59) 0.54
No 138 (63.6%) 673 (61.8%) Ref Ref
Chronic liver disease
Yes 24 (11.1%) 52 (4.8%) 2.01 (1.18–3.42) 0.01 1.75 (1.01–3.06) 0.05
No 193 (88.9%) 1037 (95.2%) Ref Ref
Other comorbiditiesa
Yes 28 (12.9%) 145 (13.3%) 0.82 (0.52–1.29) 0.39 0.92 (0.58–1.47) 0.74
No 189 (87.1%) 944 (86.7%) Ref Ref
Pregnancy
Yes 2 (0.9%) 5 (0.5%) 1.84 (0.33–10.31) 0.49 1.74 (0.31–9.80) 0.53
No 215 (99.1%) 1084 (99.5%) Ref Ref
Length of stay
0–6 days 26 (12.0%) 481 (44.2%) Ref Ref
 ≥ 7 days 191 (88.0%) 608 (55.8%) 6.68 (4.30–10.38)  < 0.01 6.54 (4.17–10.24)  < 0.01
Type of virus
A 92 (42.4%) 426 (39.1%) 1.20 (0.88–1.64) 0.24 1.14 (0.83–1.57) 0.41
B 125 (57.6%) 663 (60.9%) Ref Ref
Seasonal vaccine
Yes 52 (24.1%) 393 (36.3%) 0.62 (0.44–0.88)  < 0.01 0.80 (0.55–1.16) 0.24
No 164 (75.9%) 690 (63.7%) Ref Ref
NAI treatment
Yes 202 (93.1%) 991 (91.0%) 1.90 (1.06–3.41) 0.03 2.12 (1.19–4.13) 0.01
No 15 (6.9%) 98 (9.0%) Ref Ref
NAI treatment
 ≤ 48 h symptom onset 60 (28.8%) 415 (38.9%) 1.55 (0.83–2.92) 0.17 1.83 (0.94–3.57) 0.07
 > 48 h symptom onset 133 (63.9%) 553 (51.9%) 2.02 (1.11–3.66) 0.02 2.38 (1.26–4.49) 0.01
No 15 (7.2%) 98 (9.2%) Ref Ref
Pneumonia
Yes 151 (69.6%) 680 (62.6%) 0.65 (0.44–0.94) 0.02 0.61 (0.41–0.89) 0.01
No 66 (30.4%) 406 (37.4%) Ref Ref
Nosocomial infection
Yes 22 (10.2%) 120 (11.0%) 1.16 (0.68–1.99) 0.58 1.08 (0.62–1.88) 0.79
No 194 /89.8%) 969 (89.0%) Ref Ref

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NAI: neuraminidase inhibitors.

aHemoglobinopathy, severe neuromuscular disease or cognitive dysfunction.