Table 3.

Tracking technology and acceleration/deceleration characteristics of each included study

Study	Team sport	Device	Manufacturer	Model	Sample rate (Hz)	HDOP	No. of satellites	Acc/dec	Filter	Calculation interval/MED	Threshold (m s− 2)	Acc/dec metric	Calculation of metric
Akenhead et al. [32]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX S4	10 Hz	0.9 ± 0.1	12 ± 1	Acc Dec	Smoothing Filter 0.5 s	0.5 s	Low: 1–2 Moderate: 2–3 High: > 3 Total: > 1	Distance (m)	Distance attained in respective threshold band. Acc/dec also pooled at 1 and 3 m s−2
Akenhead et al. [33]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX	10 Hz	0.8 ± 0.1	13 ± 1	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 1–2 Moderate: 2–3 High: > 3 Total: > 1	Acc & Dec Distance (m)	Threshold-based sum of acc/dec distances
Akiyama et al. [34]	Lacrosse	GPS	Polar Electro	Polar Team Pro	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 0–1.99 Moderate: 2.0–3.99 High: >  4	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Altavilla et al. [35]	Soccer	GPS	K-Sport	N/S	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	High: > 2	Distance (m)	Distance attained in respective threshold band
Aughey [36]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team Sport 2.0	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	0.4 s	Maximal: > 2.78	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	At least two consecutive efforts at same rate of change in velocity (0.4 s) respective threshold band
Aughey [37]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team Sport 2.0	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	0.4 s	Maximal: > 2.78	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	At least two consecutive efforts at same rate of change in velocity (0.4 s) respective threshold. Efforts with respect to activity time
Aughey [38]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team Sport 2.0	5 Hz	1.5 ± 0.9	7.5 ± 1.2	Acc	N/S	N/S	Maximal: > 2.78	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts with respect to activity time
Aughey [39]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team Sport 2.0	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	0.4 s	Maximal: > 2.78	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	At least two consecutive efforts at same rate of change in velocity (0.4 s) respective threshold band. Efforts with respect to activity time
Bauer et al. [40]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX v4.0	10 Hz	1.8 ± 0.4	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	Low: 0–2.77 Hard: ≥ 2.78	Counts (n) Distance (m)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Distance attained in respective threshold band.
Bayliff et al. [41]	American Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye S5	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Band 1: 0–1 Band 2: 1–2 Band 3: 2–3 Band 4: 3–10	Distance (m)	Metres attained in respective threshold band
Blair et al. [42]	Rugby Sevens	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro 10	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 1.5–2.5 High: > 2.5-3.6	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Bowen et al. [43]	Soccer	GPS Optical	STATSports ChyronHego	Viper 2 TRACAB	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	0.5 s	All: > 0.5	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s and > 0.5 m s−2
Bradley et al. [44]	Soccer	Optical	ProZone Sports	ProZone Version 3.0	N/A	N/A	N/A	Acc	N/S	N/S	Medium: > 2.5-4 High: > 4	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Brooks et al. [45]	Netball	LPS	Catapult Sports	Catapult T6 ClearSky	10 Hz	N/A	N/A	Acc Dec	N/S	0.2 s	Z1: 0–2 Z2: 2–3.5 Z3: 3.5–6 Z4: 6–10	Acceleration Density: (Average Acc/Dec) (m s−2) Acceleration Density Index: (avg Acc/Dec per 10 m; m s− 2) Total Acceleration Load: (total Acc/Dec; m s− 2) Distance (m)	Average acc values across the specified period Average acc performed per 10 m of distance (Acc Load/Distance) Sum of acc values across the analysed period (acc values were calculated at 0.2 s intervals) Distance attained in respective threshold
Campos-Vazquez et al. [46]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX S4	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Moderate: 2–3 High: > 3	Distance per hour (m h−1)	Distance attained in respective threshold
Chesher et al. [47]	Field Hockey	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX S4	10 Hz	0.88 ± 0.03	11 ± 0.59	Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: − 3–−5.99 Medium: -6–− 8.99 High: − 9–− 11.99 Very high: <− 12	Counts (n) Average Deceleration (m s−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Mean Dec in each competitive match
Clemente et al. [48]	Soccer	GPS	JOHAN Sports	N/S	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	High: > 3	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Couderc et al. [49]	Rugby Sevens	GPS	Digital Simulation	Sensor Everywhere	8 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	Butterworth low pass 2nd order Cut-off frequency: 1 Hz Double phase lag filter	0.5 s	High: > 2.5	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Coutts et al. [50]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	0.2 s	> 2.78	Counts (n)	Two consecutive samples exceeding 2.78 m s−2
Cummins et al. [51]	Rugby League	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro X	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	Butterworth 4th order Cut-off frequency: 1 Hz	N/S	Moderate: < 1.12 High: 1.13–2.78 Very high: > 2.78	Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Cummins et al. [52]	Rugby League	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye S5	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	All: > 1.5	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Cummins et al. [53]	Rugby League	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro X	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	Butterworth 4th Order Cut-off frequency: 1 Hz	N/S	Moderate: < 1.12 High: 1.13–2.78 Very high: > 2.78	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Cunningham et al. [54]	Rugby Union	GPS	STATSports	Viper	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Moderate: 2–3 High: 3–4 Severe: > 4	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Cunningham et al. [55]	Rugby Union	GPS	STATSports	Viper	10 Hz	N/S	4 Best Satellites	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Moderate: 2–3 High intensity: 3–4 Severe: > 4	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Dalen et al. [56]	Soccer	Radio Freq. Tracking	ZXY Sport Tracking	RadioEye Sensors	20 Hz	N/A	N/A	Acc	N/S	0.5 s	All: > 2	Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts lasting for at 0.5 s in respective threshold band. Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Dalen et al. [57]	Soccer	Radio Freq. Tracking	ZXY Sport Tracking	RadioEye Sensors	20 Hz	N/A	N/A	Acc Dec	N/S	0.5 s	All: > 2	Counts (n) Distance (m)	Efforts lasting for at 0.5 s in respective threshold band
de Hoyo et al. [17]	Soccer	GPS	GPSports	SPI Elite	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Moderate: 2–3 High: > 3	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Delaney et al. [7]	Rugby League	GPS	GPSports	SPI HPU	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 1 Moderate: 2 High: > 3	Counts (n) Time (s) Distance (m) Average Acc (m s−2) Average Dec (m s− 2) Average Acc/Dec (m s− 2)	Efforts, time and/or distance in respective threshold band. Absolute values of acc averaged over given analysis period. Absolute values of dec averaged over given analysis period. Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period
Delaney et al. [9]	Rugby League	GPS	GPSports	SPI HPU	15 Hza	1.1 ± 0.1	8.3 ± 1.4	Acc Dec	Butterworth 4th Order Cut-off frequency: 1 Hz	N/S	N/A	Average Acc (m s−2) / min	Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period
Delaney et al. [10]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye S5	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	N/A	Average Acc (m s−2) / min	Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period
Delaney et al. [11]	Rugby Union	GPS	GPSports	SPI HPU	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	N/A	Average Acc (m s−2) / min	Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period
Delaney et al. [6]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye S5	10 Hz	0.86 ± 0.28	10.6 ± 1.7	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	N/A	Average Acc (m s−2) / min	Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period
Delves et al. [58]	Field Hockey	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye X4 MinimaxX S4	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	N/A	Average Acc (m s−2) / min Average Acc (m s−2)	Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period
Dempsey et al. [59]	Rugby League	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro X	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	High: > 3.0	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold
Dubois et al. [60]	Rugby Union	GPS	GPSports	SPI HPU	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	All: > 2.5	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Duthie et al. [61]	Field Hockey	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye X4	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	N/A	Average Acc (m s−2) / min	Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period
Figueiredo et al. [62]	Soccer	GPS	STATSports	Viper Pod	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	N/S	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Furlan et al. [63]	Rugby Sevens	GPS	GPSports	SPI HPU	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	Butterworth 4th Order Cut-off frequency: 1 Hz	N/S	Moderate: 2–3 High: .1–4 Very high: > 4	Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Acc/Dec counts derived from filtered 15 Hz data. Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Gabbett [64]	Rugby League	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	Mild: 0.55–1.11 Moderate: 1.12–2.78 Maximal: > 2.79	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Gabbett [65]	Field Hockey	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	2 s	High: > 0.5	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 2 s
Gabbett [66]	Rugby League	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	Maximal: > 2.79	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Gabbett et al. [67]	Rugby League	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	Mild: 0.55–1.11 Moderate: 1.12–2.78 Maximal: > 2.79	Distance (m)	Distance in respective threshold band
Gabbett & Ullah [68]	Rugby League	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	Mild: 0.55–1.11 Moderate: 1.12–2.78 Maximal: > 2.79	Distance (m)	Distance in respective threshold band
Garvican et al. [69]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team Sport 4.0	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	Maximal: > 2.78	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Gaudino et al. [70]	Soccer	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro X	15 Hza	N/S	Range: 8-11 Satellites	Acc Dec	N/S	1 s	Moderate: 2–3 High: > 3	Counts (n) Maximum Acc/Dec (m s−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 1 s. Maximum acc & dec effort in analysed period.
Gaudino et al. [71]	Soccer	GPS	STATSports	Viper	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	0.5 s	Total: > 3	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 0.5 s and of magnitude > 0.5 m s− 2
Hauer et al. [72]	Lacrosse	GPS	Polar Electro	Polar Team Pro	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Z1: 0–1.0 Z2: 1.0–2.0 Z3: 2.0–3.0 Z4: > 3.0	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Higham et al. [73]	Rugby Sevens	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	0.4 s	Moderate: 2 – 4 High: > 4	Counts per minute (n/min− 2)	Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Higham et al. [74]	Rugby Sevens	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro X	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	1 s	Total: > 1	Counts per minute (n/min−2 )	Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time lasting at least 1 s.
Hoppe et al. [75]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX S4	10 Hz	1.1 ± 0.1	11.8 ± 0.5	Acc Dec	Butterworth 2 Passes Cut-off: 1 Hz	N/S	High:> 3	Time (s)	Time spent in respective threshold band
Ihsan et al. [76]	Field Hockey	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	High: > 2	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Ingebrigtsen et al. [77]	Soccer	Radio Tracking	ZXY SportTracking	ZXY Sport Chip	40 Hz	N/A	N/A	Acc	N/S	0.5 s	Total: > 2	Counts (n)	1) The start of Acc is marked by the Acc reaching the minimum limit (1 m s). 2) Acc has to reach 2 m s. 3) Acc must remain above the 2 m s for at least 0.5 s. 4) The duration of the Acc lasts until it passes the minimum Acc limit (1 m s)
Jackson et al. [78]	Field Hockey	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX S4 Optimeye S5	10 Hz	MinimaxX: (0.89 [0.04]) Optimeye S5: (0.67 [0.05])	N/S	Acc Dec	Smoothing Filter	0.2 s–Calc 0.6 s– Minimum effort duration	Total: > 1.46 Maximum count per athlete	Counts (n) Maximum Acc/Dec (m s−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Max Acc/Dec recorded
Jaspers et al. [79]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye S5	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Z1: 0–1 Z2: 1–2 Z3: 2–3.5 Z4: > 3.5	Counts (n) Distance (m)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Distance attained in respective threshold band
Jaspers et al. [80]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye S5 MinimaxX S4	10 Hz	< 1.5	≥8 satellites	Acc Dec	Smoothing Filter 0.2 s	0.4 s	Total: > 1	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Johnston et al. [81]	Rugby League	GPS	STATSports	Apex	10 Hz	0.76 ± 0.25	17.7 ± 1.9	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	N/A	Average Acc (m s−2) / min	Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period
Johnston et al. [82]	Australian Football Rugby League	GPS	AF: Catapult Sports RL: STATSports	AF: Optimeye S5 RL: Apex	10 Hz	AFL: 0.69 ± 0.09 NRL: 0.76 ± 0.25	AFL: 10.5 ± 0.65 NRL: 17.7 ± 1.90	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	N/A	Average Acc (m s−2) / min	Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period
Johnston et al. [83]	Rugby League	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye S5	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	N/A	Average Acc (m s−2) / min	Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period
Johnston et al. [84]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX S3 MinimaxX S4	S3: 5 Hz S4: 10 Hz	1.0 ± 0.3	12.2 ± 0.7	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 0.65–1.46 Moderate: 1.47–2.77 High: > 2.78	Counts per minute (n/min−2) Distance per minute (m/min) Time (%)	Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold. Distance in respective threshold band with respect to activity time and threshold. Time spent as a percentage in respective threshold band
Johnston et al. [85]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX S3 MinimaxX S4	5 Hz 10 Hz	1.0 ± 0.2	12.1 ± 0.7	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 0.65–1.46 Moderate: 1.47–2.77 High: > 2.78	Counts per minute (n/min−2) Distance per minute (m/min−2) Time (%. min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time and threshold. Distance attained in respective threshold band with respect to activity time and threshold. Percentage time spent in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Johnston et al. [86]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX S3 MinimaxX S4	5 Hz 10 Hz	1.0 ± 0.1	12.2 ± 0.6	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 0.65–1.46 Moderate: 1.47–2.77 High: > 2.78	Counts per minute (n/min−2) Distance per minute (m/min−2) Time (%. min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time. Distance attained in respective threshold band with respect to activity time. Percentage time spent in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Jones et al. [87]	Rugby Union	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX V4	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 1–2 Moderate: 2–3 High: > 3	Distance (m)	Metres attained in respective threshold band
Kempton & Coutts [88]	Rugby League Nines	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro X	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Total: > 2.78	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold
Kempton et al. [89]	Rugby League	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro X	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Total: >  2.78	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold
Kempton et al. [90]	Rugby League	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro	5 Hz	N/S	9.1 ± 1.4	Acc Dec	N/S	0.4 s	Total: > 2.78	Counts (n)	Two consecutive samples exceeding 2.78 m s−2
Lacome et al. [91]	Rugby Union	PC-based tracking	Sport Universal Process	Amisco Pro	10 Hz Velocity	N/A	N/A	Acc	Butterworth low pass 2nd order cut-off frequency: 1 Hz Double phase-lag filter	0.5 s	Z1: 1–2 Z2: 2–3 Z3: > 3	Mean acceleration (m s−2)	Values of acc averaged over given analysis period. Distribution of acc values over given analysis period with respect to thresholds
Malone et al. [92]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye G5	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	High: > 3	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Mara et al. [93]	Soccer	GPS	GPSports	N/S	15 Hza	N/S	5-8 Satellites	Acc	N/S	N/S	Efforts: > 2	Time (s) Distance (m) Max distance (m) Max acceleration (m s−2) Repeat acceleration	Average time spent in acc in analysed period. Average distance accumulated in analysed period. Average max distance accumulated in analysed period. Max acc effort in analysed period Acc efforts performed with < 21 s separation
Mara et al. [94]	Soccer	GPS	GPSports	SPI HPU	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	High: > 2	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Marrier et al. [95]	Rugby Sevens	GPS	Digital Simulation	Sensor Everywhere V2	16 Hz	<  2	7 [1]	Acc	N/S	0.5 s	All: > 2.5	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 0.5 s
Martin-Garcia et al. [96]	Soccer	GPS	STATSports	Viper	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	High: > 3	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Martin-Garcia et al. [97]	Soccer	GPS	STATSports	Viper	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	0.5 s	High: > 3	Counts (n)	Efforts in threshold band lasting for at least 0.5 s and of magnitude >  0.5 m s−2
Martin-Garcia et al. [98]	Soccer	GPS	STATSports	Viper	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	High: > 3	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Modric et al. [99]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye S5 Optimeye X4	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Total events: > 0.5 High: > 3	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Montgomery & Maloney [100]	3 × 3 Basketball	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye S5	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: < 2.5 Medium: 2.5–3.5 High: > 3.5	Intensity (m s−2)	Average intensity in respective threshold band.
Morencos et al. [101]	Field Hockey	GPS	GPSports	SPI Elite	10 Hz	N/S	10.6 ± 1.2	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 1–1.99 Moderate: 2.0–2.99 High: > 3	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold
Morencos et al. [102]	Field Hockey	GPS	GPSports	SPI Elite	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 1.0–1.9 Moderate: 2.0–2.9 High: > 3.0	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Murray & Varley [103]	Rugby Sevens	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX S4	10 Hz	N/S	11.3 ± 1.4	Acc	N/S	0.4 s	Maximal: > 2.78	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.4 s. Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold lasting at least 0.4 s
Newans et al. [104]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye S5 Optimeye X4	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	0.5 s	Moderate: 1–2 High: > 2	Time (s) Ratio of Dec: Acc	Time spent in each respective threshold lasting at least 0.5 s. Duration of Dec (High) and Dec (Mod) divided by total Acc time (High + Mod) in each period. Determined a moderate and high Dec:Acc ratio
Owen et al. [105]	Soccer	GPS	STATSports	Viper Pod	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Total: > 3.3	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Owen et al. [106]	Rugby Union	GPS	GPSports	SPI HPU	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Light: 1–1.99 Moderate: 2.0–2.99 Heavy: 3–5.99	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Oxendale et al. [107]	Rugby League	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Maximal: > 2.79	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Palmer et al. [108]	Ultimate Frisbee	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye X4	10 Hz	0.90 ± 0.10	13.7 ± 0.5	Acc	Proprietary Filter	0.6 s	Total: > 1.5	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 0.6 s and with respect to time
Passos Ramos et al. [109]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team S5	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	1: − 1–1 2: 1–2.5 3: > 2.5	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band and with respect to time
Passos Ramos et al. [110]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team S5	10 Hz	0.75 ± 0.3	12.4 ± 0.5	Acc Dec	Exponential Filter (Derived from GPS Software)	0.5 s	Total: > 1	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Passos Ramos et al. [111]	Soccer	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team S5	10 Hz	0.75 ± 0.3	15.5 ± 0.5	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Total: > 2	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Peeters et al. [112]	Rugby Sevens	GPS	Digital Simulation	Sensor Everywhere	16 Hz	1.35 ± 0.34	8 ± 1	Acc	N/S	N/S	Total: > 2.5	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time
Polgaze et al. [113]	Field Hockey	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX S4	10 Hz	1.00 ± 0.07	11.6 ± 0.5	Acc	Proprietary Filter	0.6 s	Low: < 2.0 High: > 2.0	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2) Time (s) Distance (m)	Eligible Acc was determined once a participant changed speed by 2 m s for a minimum within 0.6 s. Efforts in respective threshold band. Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold Time spent in respective threshold band. Distance attained in respective threshold band
Pollard et al. [114]	Rugby Union	GPS	STATSports	Viper	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	Total: > 3	Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Polley et al. [115]	Lacrosse	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX S4	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 0–1.11 Moderate: 1.11–2.78 High: ≥ 2.78	Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Portillo et al. [116]	Rugby Sevens	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro X	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	Z1: > 1.5 Z2: > 2.0 Z3: > 2.5 Z4: > 2.75	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Rennie et al. [117]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye S5	10 Hz	1.1 ± 0.1	18.2 ± 1.1	Acc Dec	N/S	0.2 s Two Samples	Efforts: > 2.78	Counts (n)	Two consecutive samples in respective threshold band
Romero-Moraleda et al. [118]	Field Hockey	GPS	GPSports	SPI Elite	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 1–1.9 Moderate: 2–2.9 High: > 3	Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Russell et al. [119]	Soccer	GPS	STATSports	Viper	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Total: > 0.5 High: > 3	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Russell et al. [120]	Soccer	GPS	STATSports	Viper	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	0.5 s	Total: > 0.5 High: > 3	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Sangnier et al. [121]	Soccer	GPS	K-Sport	K-GPS	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	0.4 s (over 3 s threshold)	Distance: > 2 Counts: > 3	Counts per minute (n/min−2) Distance per min (m/min)	Efforts > 0.4 s (over 3 m s−2 threshold). Distance in threshold band with respect to activity time
Silva et al. [122]	Soccer	GPS	STATSports	Viper	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	0.5 s	Z1: > 2 Z2: > 2.5 Z3: > 3	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s of magnitude >  0.5 m s−2
Smpokos et al. [123]	Soccer	GPS	STATSports	Viper Pod 2	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	0.5 s	Total: > 2	Counts (n) and counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s of magnitude >  0.5 m s−2
Smpokos et al. [124]	Soccer	GPS	STATSports	Viper Pod 2	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	0.5 s	Total: > 2	Counts (n) and counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s of magnitude >  0.5 m s−2
Stevens et al. [125]	Soccer	LPS	Inmotio	Inmotio LPS	24 Hz	N/A	N/A	Acc	Weighted Gaussian Average	N/S	> 2	Distance (m)	Distance in respective threshold band
Stevens et al. [126]	Soccer	LPS	Inmotio LPS	Inmotio LPS	31 Hz	N/A	N/A	Acc Dec	Weighted Gaussian Average	0.5 s	Medium: > 1.5 High: > 3	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Suarez-Arrones et al. [127]	Rugby Sevens	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro X	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	1 s	Maximal: 2.78–4 Extremely high: > 4	Counts (n)	1-s at > 2.78 m s−2 or above
Suarez-Arrones et al. [128]	Rugby Union	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro X	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	Maximal: > 2.78	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Sullivan et al. [129]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5	10 Hz	1.25 ± 0.19	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	One Threshold: 0–4	Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts with respect to activity time
Sullivan et al. [130]	Australian Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5	10 Hz	1.25 ± 0.19	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	One Threshold: 0–4	Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts with respect to activity time
Sweeting et al. [131]	Netball	Radio Tracking System	WASP	WASP Node	10 Hz	N/A	N/A	Acc	Kalman Filter	N/S	N/A	Intensity-based clusters (m s−2)	Acceleration calculated from velocity data.
Tee et al. [132]	Rugby Union	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	Efforts: > 2.75	Minutes per Accel (n/min)	Efforts with respect to activity time
Tee et al. [133]	Rugby Union	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	1 s	Maximal: > 2.75	Minutes per Accel (n/min)	Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Tee et al. [134]	Rugby Union	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	Total: > 2.75	Minutes per Accel (n/min)	Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Thornton et al. [135]	Rugby League	GPS	GPSports	SPI HPU	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	N/A	Acc/Dec Load (AU)	Average absolute value of all acc/dec data relative to a defined period. Absolute value multiplied by defined duration to convert to load metric
Varley & Aughey [136]	Soccer	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro	5 Hz	N/S	8 ± 1	Acc	N/S	N/S	Maximal: > 2.78	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Varley et al. [137]	Soccer Rugby League Australian Football	GPS	AF & RL: Catapult Sports Soccer: GPSports	AF & RL: MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5 Soccer: SPI Pro	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	Maximal: > 2.78	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts in respective threshold band. Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Vazquez-Guerrero et al. [138]	Basketball	LPS	Realtrack Systems	WIMU Pro	20 Hz	N/A	N/A	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Total Acc: All counts High intensity: > 2	Peak acceleration (m s−2) Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Highest acc value obtained during analysed period. Efforts in respective threshold band. Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Vescovi & Frayne [139]	Field Hockey	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro	5 Hz	Values < 4	8–12 Satellites connected during collection	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	All events	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Vigh-Larsen et al. [140]	Soccer	Radio Tracking System	Chryon-Hego	ZXY Tracking System	20 Hz	N/A	N/A	Acc Dec	N/S	0.5 s	Total: > 2	Counts (n) Counts per minute (n/min−2)	Efforts lasting at least 0.5 s and reaching at least 1 m s−2 Efforts lasting for at least 0.5 s and reaching at least 1 m s−2.
Wehbe et al. [141]	Soccer	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	0.5 s	Medium: 2.5–4 High: > 4	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s
Wellman et al. [142]	American Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX S5	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 0–1.0 Medium: 1.1–2.0 High: 2.1–3.0 Maximal: > 3.0	Distance (m)	Distance attained in respective threshold band
Wellman et al. [143]	American Football	GPS	Catapult Sports	Optimeye S5	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Low: 0–1.0 Medium: 1.1–2.0 High: 2.1–3 Maximal: >− 3	Distance (m)	Distance attained in respective threshold band
Wellman et al. [13]	American Football	GPS	GPSports	SPI HPU	15 Hza	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Moderate: 1.5–2.5 High: 2.6–3.5 Maximal: >  3.5	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
White & MacFarlane [144]	Field Hockey	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX	5 Hz	Scotland Analysis: 1.3 ± 0.4 Ukraine Analysis: 1.0 ± 0.4	Scotland Analysis: 12.3 ± 1.0 Ukraine Analysis: 10.3 ± 1.2	Acc	N/S	N/S	High: > 2	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
White & MacFarlane [145]	Field Hockey	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX	5 Hz	Scotland Analysis: 1.3 ± 0.4 Ukraine analysis: 1.0 ± 0.4	Scotland Analysis: 12.3 ± 1.0 Ukraine Analysis: 10.3 ± 1.2	Acc Dec	N/S	1 s	High: > 2	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 1 s
White & MacFarlane [146]	Field Hockey	GPS	Catapult Sports	MinimaxX	5 Hz	0.99 ± 0.2	11.2 ± 1.3	Acc	N/S	> 1 s	High intensity: > 3	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s
Yamamoto et al. [147]	Rugby Union	GPS	GPSports	SPI Pro X	5 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc	N/S	N/S	AZ1: 1.5–2.0 AZ2: 2–2.5 AZ3: > 2.5	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band
Young et al. [148]	Hurling	GPS	STATSports	Viper Pod	10 Hz	N/S	N/S	Acc Dec	N/S	N/S	Total: > 2	Counts (n)	Efforts in respective threshold band

^a15-Hz device interpolated from 5 Hz