Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the included studies in the meta-analysis.
| References | Method | Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (% male) | Age (SD), years | Education(SD), years | Duration (SD), years | Onset(SD), years | BMI (SD), kg/m2 | HbA1c%(SD) | MMSE (SD) | Comorbidity (no. of patients) | No. (% male) | Age (SD), years | ||
| Xia et al. (2013) | ALFF | 28 (53.6) | 58.7 (8.1) | 9.9 (3.7) | 9.8 (5.5) | 48.9 (NA) | 25.4 (3.0) | 7.9 (1.7) | NA | NA | 29 (44.8) | 57.7 (7.2) |
| Cui et al. (2014) | ALFF and ReHo | 29 (48.3) | 58.3 (7.3) | 10.4 (4.0) | 9.3 (3.8) | 49.0 (NA) | NA | 7.9 (1.7) | 28.3 (1.4) | Retinopathy (8), peripheral neuropathy (8), lacunar infarcts (6) |
27 (40.7) | 57.8 (5.9) |
| Wang et al. (2014) | ALFF | 26 (65.4) | 54.7 (10.4) | 11.2 (3.8) | NA | NA | 25.9 (3.3) | 8.3 (1.4) | 27.8 (2.5) | Hypertension (10), dyslipidemia (10), lacunar infarcts (2) |
26 (65.4) | 54.9 (9.8) |
| Zhou et al. (2014) | ALFF | 14 (42.9) | 63.5 (6.9) | 10.6 (2.7) | 6.5 (2.1) | 57.0 (NA) | 24.8 (2.7) | 7.8 (1.0) | 25.1 (2.0) | MCI (14), hypertension (4) |
17 (58.8) | 63.8 (5.8) |
| Liu et al. (2016) | ReHo | 25 (68.0) | 52.2 (4.8) | 11.0 (3.0) | 7.7 (5.4) | 44.5 (NA) | 24.7 (3.2) | 8.4 (NA) | 27.9 (1.9) | NA | 25 (52.0) | 52.1 (3.5) |
| Peng et al. (2016) | ReHo | 26 (46.2) | 57.6 (9.3) | 10.3 (2.9) | 12.1 (5.8) | 45.5 (NA) | 24.3 (3.5) | 8.8 (1.3) | 28.8 (0.6) | Microangiopathy (26), hypertension (10), dyslipidemia (9) |
28 (42.9) | 56.2 (6.9) |
| ReHo | 22 (45.5) | 58.8 (7.9) | 10.0 (2.1) | 10.9 (3.4) | 47.9 (NA) | 23.8 (3.2) | 8.1 (2.2) | 28.9 (0.7) | Hypertension (8), dyslipidemia (8) |
|||
| Wang Y. F. et al. (2017) | fALFF | 17 (70.6) | 54.8 (8.3) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Cirrhosis (17) | 17 (70.6) | 54.4 (7.9) |
| Wang Z. L. et al. (2017) | ALFF | 21 (47.6) | 54.9 (9.9) | NA | 9.5 (5.0) | 45.4 (NA) | NA | 8.4 (1.7) | 28.2 (1.1) | Retinopathy (21), nephropathy(4) |
16 (56.2) | 54.8 (5.7) |
| Liao et al. (2019) | ReHo | 28 (42.9) | 57.2 (5.2) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Retinopathy (28) | 28 (42.9) | 56.8 (5.1) |
| Wang et al. (2019) | ALFF | 19 (42.1) | 53.1(8.0) | NA | 12.3 (5.3) | 40.8 (NA) | NA | NA | NA | Retinopathy and nephropathy (19) | 19 (42.1) | 54.2 (9.0) |
| Liu D. et al. (2020) | ALFF | 37 (64.9) | 57.6 (7.1) | 12 (NA) | NA | NA | 25.1 (2.7) | 7.4 (NA) | 28 (NA) | NA | 37 (45.9) | 57.9 (5.7) |
| Liu Y. et al. (2020) | ReHo | 26 (NA) | 51.9 (10.7) | NA | NA | NA | 24.0 (3.6) | NA | 26.9 (3.9) | NA | 26 (NA) | 48.2 (6.7) |
| Qi et al. (2020) | ALFF | 35 (51.4) | 54.2 (8.7) | NA | 9.9 (5.1) | 41.5 (NA) | NA | 7.5 (1.3) | NA | Retinopathy (35) | 38 (47.4) | 53.5 (7.7) |
| Xiong et al. (2020) | ReHo | 25 (44) | 62.7 (5.6) | 11.1 (3.5) | 9.0 (7.5) | 53.7 (NA) | 23.7 (2.9) | 8.3 (1.6) | 25.3 (2.0) | MCI (25) | 27 (44.4) | 59.1 (6.4) |
| ReHo | 25 (40) | 59.0 (6.2) | 11.6 (3.3) | 5.7 (4.6) | 53.4 (NA) | 22.6 (2.5) | 7.2 (1.4) | 28.6 (1.0) | NA | |||
| Shi et al. (2020) | ALFF | 31 (51.6) | 56.0 (4.6) | NA | 27.2 (19.9) | NA | NA | 5.3 (0.4) | NA | Vitreous hemorrhage (31) | 31 (51.6) | 56.5 (4.3) |
| Zhang Y. Q. et al. (2020) | ReHo | |||||||||||
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; ALFF, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations; fALFF, fractional ALFF; ReHo, regional homogeneity; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; NA, not available.