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. 2021 Jun 17;13:667032. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.667032

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Copyright © 2021 Chong, Wakade, Seamon, Giri, Morgan and Purohit.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Expression of GPR109A protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. (A) Densitometry analysis of GPR109A proteins normalized with GAPDH protein. Error bars are SEM. Baseline: GPR109A levels before treatment; 3-mo (double-blind phase): GPR109A levels after 3 months of treatment (placebo, 100-mg, or 250-mg daily niacin); 12-mo (effectiveness phase): GPR109A levels after all groups received 12 months of 250-mg daily niacin. *p < 0.05 compared to baseline. (B) Expression of GPR109A measured by immunoblot in isolated white blood cells from PD subjects treated with either placebo or niacin at two dosages for the indicated time points (upper panel). GAPDH is used for equal loading control of total protein on SDS-PAGE gels (lower panel).