Table 2.
Examples of trials regarding the effect of prebiotics on pig.
| Age of pig | Breeds of pig | Prebiotics | Main outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 to 14 d | Offspring of Topigs sows | FOS | Piglets supplemented with FOS had numerically greater villi and deeper crypts, modulates the bacterial colonization of the gut and the intestinal development | Schokker et al. (2018) |
| 21 to 42 d | Offspring of Large White crossbred sows | RPS | RPS intake increases the content of anaerobic bacteria in feces, and the concentration of butyrate in the intestine, and increases the content of regulatory T cells in the cecum | Trachsel et al. (2019) |
| 4 months | Large White male growing pigs | TGS | TGS down-regulated the caecal expression of zonula occludens-1 and mucin 2 and of genes within the toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor κB pro-inflammatory signaling cascade | Metzler-Zebeli et al. (2018) |
| 23 ± 2 d | Duroc × Landrace Large × White barrow | YG | YG group up-regulated the expression of occludin m-RNA in the duodenum and jejunum mucosa, increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and decreased the acetate content | Qin et al. (2019) |
| From d 86 of gestation to d 20 of postpartum (sows); 7 to 35 d (piglets) | Landrace × Yorkshire sows and their offspring (Duroc × Landrace Yorkshire) | MOS | sow diet MOS decreased proinflammatory cytokines IL-2 and IL-4 concentrations in piglet serum, Piglets diet MOS decreased the contents of IL-2, IL-4 and interferon γ while increased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 content in serum | Duan et al. (2019) |
| 21 to 35 d | Huanjiang mini-piglets | SBOS | SBOS supplementation increased elevated the numbers of beneficial intestinal bacteria, also increased the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the intestinal lumen, and it reduced the numbers of bacteria with pathogenic potential (e.g., E. coli, Clostridium, and Streptococcus) | Zhou et al. (2014) |
| 28 d | Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire piglets | AMSLF | AMSLF supplementation significantly decreased diarrheal incidence in piglets, 7.50% AMSLF group having higher IL-2 and TNF-α levels than the other treatment groups | Che et al. (2019) |
| First week after birth | Duroc × Landrace × Large White piglets | GOS | On d 8 and 21 after GOS intervention, ileal microbiota composition was significantly enriched in Lactobacillus and unclassified Lactobacillaceae, and the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and antibacterial peptides increased | Tian et al. (2019) |
| Approximately 8 weeks | Yorkshire-Landrace pigs | Inulin | Inulin supplementation up-regulated Th2-related immune genes (IL-13, IL-5), and suppressed Th1-related pro-inflammatory genes (interferon γ, IL-1A, IL-8) in the colon | Myhill et al. (2018) |
FOS = fructooligosaccharides; RPS = resistant potato starch; TGS = transglycosylated starch; YG = yeast glycoprotein; MOS = mannan oligosaccharide; SBOS = soybean oligosaccharides; AMSLF = Astragalus membranaceus fiber; GOS = galacto-oligosaccharide.