TABLE 2.
Associations between dietary AGEs and arterial stiffness in 2255 adults of The Maastricht Study1
| Dietary AGE, SD/d | cfPWV, m/s | Carotid DC, mm2/kPa | Carotid YEM, 103/kPa |
|---|---|---|---|
| CML | |||
| Semiadjusted β (95% CI)2 | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.02) | −0.14 (−0.31, 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) |
| Fully adjusted β (95% CI)3 | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.15) | −0.16 (−0.43, 0.11) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) |
| CEL | |||
| Semiadjusted β (95% CI)2 | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06) | −0.06 (−0.23, 0.11) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) |
| Fully adjusted β (95% CI)3 | 0.05 (−0.04, 0.14) | −0.02 (−0.23, 0.20) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) |
| MG-H1 | |||
| Semiadjusted β (95% CI)2 | −0.06 (−0.13, 0.01) | −0.13 (−0.30, 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) |
| Fully adjusted β (95% CI)3 | 0.00 (−0.09, 0.10) | −0.11 (−0.35, 0.13) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.02) |
AGE, advanced glycation end product; CEL, Nε-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine; cfPWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; CML, Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine; DC, distension coefficient; MG-H1, Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine; YEM, Young's elastic modulus.
Regression coefficients (β) and 95% CIs represent the change in arterial stiffness measurement per 1-SD change in dietary AGE intake while adjusted for age, sex, glucose metabolism status, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure obtained during vascular measurements.
In addition adjusted for waist circumference, total:HDL cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, smoking habits, use of lipid-lowering medication, use of antihypertensive medication, prior CVD, alcohol intake, kidney function, energy intake, educational level, physical activity, and the Dutch Healthy Diet index.