TABLE 2.
Associations of prenatal, perinatal, and early childhood serum 25(OH)D concentrations with caries diagnosed at the age of 6 years (n = 5257)1
| Categorical analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous analysis Per 10 nmol/L | ≥75 nmol/L (optimal) | 50 to <75 nmol/L (sufficient) | 25 to <50 nmol/L (deficient) | <25 nmol/L (severely deficient) | |
| Prenatal | — | n = 1362 | n = 1275 | n = 1402 | n = 1218 |
| Caries diagnosis (yes) | 1664 | 296 | 322 | 457 | 589 |
| Model 12 | 0.988 (0.985–0.991)3 | Ref. | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 1.64 (1.36–1.97)3 | 2.78 (2.23–3.47)3 |
| Model 24 | 0.993 (0.990–0.996)3 | Ref. | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) | 1.32 (1.08–1.61)3 | 1.79 (1.37–2.36)3 |
| Model 35 | 0.995 (0.992–0.998)3 | Ref. | 1.06 (0.86–1.30) | 1.23 (1.00–1.51)3 | 1.56 (1.18–2.06)3 |
| Perinatal | 1664 | n = 244 | n = 896 | n = 1885 | n = 2232 |
| Caries diagnosis (yes) | — | 53 | 201 | 500 | 910 |
| Model 16 | 0.983 (0.979–0.987)3 | Ref. | 1.10 (0.56–2.18) | 1.37 (0.69–2.73) | 2.41 (1.30–4.44)3 |
| Model 27 | 0.992 (0.988–0.997)3 | Ref. | 1.09 (0.55–2.14) | 1.21 (0.62–2.38) | 1.56 (0.86–2.83) |
| Model 38 | 0.995 (0.991–0.998)3 | Ref. | 1.10 (0.56–2.15) | 1.20 (0.63–2.26) | 1.42 (0.80–2.53) |
| Early childhood | 1664 | n = 1551 | n = 1889 | n = 1376 | n = 441 |
| Caries diagnosis (yes) | — | 387 | 564 | 504 | 209 |
| Model 19 | 0.989 (0.986–0.992)3 | Ref. | 1.32 (1.09–1.60)3 | 1.87 (1.47–2.37)3 | 2.81 (2.07–3.82)3 |
| Model 210 | 0.995 (0.992–0.999)3 | Ref. | 1.16 (0.93–1.45) | 1.31 (0.98–1.77) | 1.62 (1.13–2.30)3 |
| Model 311 | 0.997 (0.995–1.000)3 | Ref. | 1.15 (0.92–1.43) | 1.29 (0.96–1.73) | 1.58 (1.10–2.25)3 |
Values are pooled ORs with 95% CIs for the associations of 25(OH)D status with caries diagnosis (yes/no) using logistic regression models. Ref, reference; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
2Prenatal Model 1 is adjusted for the astronomical season of blood draw, maternal age at enrollment, gestational age at intake, and child's sex.
3Indicates significance at an α level of 0.05.
Prenatal Model 2 includes the variables in Prenatal Model 1 and is additionally adjusted for maternal ethnicity, educational level and household income at enrollment, and parity.
Prenatal Model 3 includes the variables in Prenatal Model 2 and is additionally adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking during the second trimester, and use of folic acid supplements.
Perinatal Model 1 is adjusted for astronomical season of blood draw, maternal age at enrollment, gestational age at birth, child's sex.
Perinatal Model 2 includes the variables in Perinatal Model 15 and is additionally adjusted for maternal ethnicity, educational level and household income at enrollment, and parity.
Perinatal Model 3 includes the variables in Perinatal Model 26 and is additionally adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking during the second trimester, use of folic acid supplements, and low birthweight.
Early Childhood Model 1 is adjusted for the astronomical season of blood draw, child's age, and child's sex.
Early Childhood Model 2 includes the variables in Early Childhood Model 18 and is additionally adjusted for child's ethnicity, maternal age, educational level, and household income at the 6-year follow-up.
Early Childhood Model 3 includes the variables in Early Childhood Model 29 and is additionally adjusted for child's BMI, hours spent playing outside, hours spent in front of a screen, and frequency of tooth brushing.