TABLE 5.
Associations of maternal first-trimester milk intake with childhood metabolic outcomes at the age of 10 y1
| Total cholesterol (n = 1718) | HDL cholesterol (n = 1705) | LDL cholesterol (n = 1698) | Triglycerides (n = 1701) | Insulin (n = 1703) | Glucose (n = 1704) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal milk intake | Values | n | Values | n | Values | n | Values | n | Values | n | Values | n |
| 0–0.9 glass | Reference | 488 | Reference | 447 | Reference | 445 | Reference | 446 | Reference | 477 | Reference | 477 |
| 1–1.9 glasses | −0.01 (−0.14, 0.12) | 452 | −0.05 (−0.18, 0.08) | 453 | 0.00 (−0.13, 0.13) | 449 | 0.09 (−0.04, 0.23) | 450 | 0.05 (−0.08, 0.18) | 451 | 0.05 (−0.08, 0.18) | 453 |
| 2–2.9 glasses | −0.03 (−0.15, 0.10) | 486 | −0.07 (−0.20, 0.06) | 487 | 0.00 (−0.13, 0.13) | 486 | 0.10 (−0.03, 0.23) | 487 | −0.10 (−0.23, 0.03) | 487 | 0.06 (−0.07, 0.19) | 487 |
| 3–3.9 glasses | 0.01 (−0.17, 0.18) | 188 | −0.04 (−0.21, 0.14) | 188 | 0.04 (−0.13, 0.22) | 188 | 0.06 (−0.12, 0.23) | 188 | −0.05 (−0.23, 0.12) | 188 | 0.05 (−0.12, 0.23) | 188 |
| 4–4.9 glasses | 0.00 (−0.28, 0.28) | 57 | 0.01 (−0.28, 0.29) | 57 | −0.07 (−0.34, 0.21) | 57 | 0.16 (−0.12, 0.44) | 57 | −0.03 (−0.31, 0.25) | 57 | 0.24 (−0.04, 0.52) | 57 |
| ≥5 glasses | −0.02 (−0.27, 0.23) | 73 | −0.05 (−0.30, 0.20) | 73 | 0.02 (−0.23, 0.27) | 73 | 0.05 (−0.20, 0.30) | 73 | 0.01 (−0.24, 0.26) | 73 | −0.15 (−0.40, 0.11) | 72 |
1
Values are differences in childhood outcomes in SDs (95% CI) between children whose mothers consumed 1–1.9, 2–2.9, 3–3.9, 4–4.9, and ≥5 glasses of milk/d, respectively, compared with those whose mothers consumed 0–0.9 glass of milk/d. One glass is equivalent to 150 mL milk. The models were adjusted for child's sex, child's age at follow-up measurement, maternal smoking, maternal vomiting, and maternal total energy intake.