TABLE 2.

Measures of child development by preschool quality, in preschoolers administered MNP or placebo from baseline to endline (8 mo)¹

											Time effects (P values)
			High-quality preschools			Effect size	Low-quality preschools			Effect size	Baseline preschool	Endline ×	Endline ×	Endline × MNP ×
	∆2	n	MNP	Placebo	P 3	(95% CI)	MNP	Placebo	P 3	(95% CI)4	quality	MNP	quality	quality
Expressive language score5	BL	321	41.6 ± 1.2	40.1 ± 1.4	0.34		38.2 ± 1.3	36.8 ± 1.3	0.34		0.02
	EL	293	40.5 ± 1.4	40.8 ± 1.6	0.89		40.2 ± 1.5	34.4 ± 1.4	0.003			0.02	0.11	0.01
	∆		–1.0 ± 1.2	0.6 ± 1.5	0.36	–0.2 (–0.6, 0.2)	2.0 ± 1.4	–2.3 ± 1.2	0.02	0.4 (0.1, 0.8)
Receptive language score5	BL	321	43.7 ± 0.8	43.0 ± 0.9	0.52		41.5 ± 0.9	40.8 ± 0.8	0.52		0.03
	EL	293	37.4 ± 0.9	37.0 ± 1.1	0.74		34.5 ± 1.0	35.3 ± 0.9	0.57			0.28	0.70	0.49
	∆		–6.2 ± 0.9***	–6.1 ± 1.0***	0.88	0.0 (−0.4, 0.4)	–6.9 ± 1.0***	–5.5 ± 0.9***	0.28	–0.2 (–0.5, 0.2)
Fine motor score4	BL	321	46.5 ± 1.4	46.5 ± 1.5	1.00		44.1 ± 1.5	44.1 ± 1.4	1.00		0.15
	EL	293	47.8 ± 1.5	46.5 ± 1.5	0.81		44.5 ± 1.6	44.2 ± 1.5	0.90			0.89	0.73	0.92
	∆			47.3 ± 1.7	0.79	0.0 (–0.3, 0.3)	0.4 ± 1.4	0.1 ± 1.3	0.89	0.0 (–0.3, 0.3)
Visual reception score5	BL	321	43.9 ± 1.2	42.3 ± 1.4	0.27		42.3 ± 1.3	40.6 ± 1.3	0.27		0.27
	EL	293	42.7 ± 1.3	42.7 ± 1.6	1.00		41.0 ± 1.5	40.0 ± 1.4	0.57			0.74	0.52	0.64
	∆		–1.2 ± 1.1	0.5 ± 1.4	0.34	–0.2 (–0.5, 0.2)	–1.2 ± 1.3	–0.7 ± 1.2	0.74	–0.1 (–0.4, 0.3)
Inhibitory control score6	BL	319	2.8 ± 0.4	2.3 ± 0.4	0.36		2.6 ± 0.4	2.2 ± 0.4	0.36		0.73
	EL	293	4.3 ± 0.4	5.0 ± 0.5	0.26		4.4 ± 0.5	3.0 ± 0.4	0.02			0.07	0.001	0.004
	∆		1.5 ± 0.4***	2.7 ± 0.4***	0.04	–0.3 (–0.7, 0.0)	1.8 ± 0.4***	0.8 ± 0.4*	0.07	0.2 (–0.1, 0.6)
Social–emotional development score6	BL	321	24.7 ± 0.4	24.1 ± 0.4	0.19		23.8 ± 0.4	23.2 ± 0.4	0.19		0.07
	EL	293	22.8 ± 0.5	23.3 ± 0.6	0.47		23.3 ± 0.5	21.9 ± 0.5	0.03			0.26	0.48	0.04
	∆		–1.9 ± 0.5**	–0.8 ± 0.6	0.13	–0.3 (–0.8, 0.1)	–0.5 ± 0.6	–1.3 ± 0.5*	0.26	0.2 (–0.2, 0.6)

¹Values are means ± SEs unless otherwise indicated. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001. BL, baseline; EL, endline; MNP, multiple micronutrient powder.

²Within-intervention group change from baseline.

³ P value for MNP compared with placebo difference in baseline mean, endline mean, and change from baseline.

⁴Cohen's d for the difference in change scores from baseline to endline comparing MNP with placebo. Conventions: small = 0.2, medium = 0.5, large = 0.8 (38).

⁵Mean T scores ± SEs, age-standardized.

⁶Raw score, adjusted for mean-centered age.