TABLE 4.
Pharmacokinetic parameters and relative bioavailabilities of unconjugated parent curcuminoids after consumption of a single dose of the turmeric formulations STE, TEP, PHYT, NOV, and TPG by healthy human participants1
| Curcumin | DMC | BDMC | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STE | TEP | PHYT | NOV | TPG | STE | TEP | PHYT | NOV | TPG | STE | TEP | PHYT | NOV | TPG | |
| AUC 0–8h, ng·h/mL | 30.6 ± 75.3 | 16.4 ± 38.0 | 30.7 ± 68.7 | 12.1 ± 43.1 | 33.6 ± 83.8 | 5.0 ± 14.2 | 20.5 ± 104 | 5.2 ± 12.3 | 1.8 ± 7.50 | 5.7 ± 15.3 | 0.6 ± 1.96 | 0.2 ± 0.65 | 0.2 ± 0.56 | 0.1 ± 0.27 | 0.6 ± 1.47 |
| AUC 0–24h, ng·h/mL | 55.8 ± 106 | 54.1 ± 83.5 | 37.6 ± 70.9 | 25.2 ± 61.2 | 59.6 ± 118 | 7.4 ± 17.0 | 25.7 ± 107 | 6.4 ± 11.4 | 2.6 ± 8.36 | 9.4 ± 20.8 | 1.3 ± 4.06 | 0.6 ± 2.08 | 0.2 ± 0.55 | 0.1 ± 0.27 | 0.6 ± 1.47 |
| Cmax, ng/mL | 18.0 ± 37.0 | 12.9 ± 26.3 | 11.3 ± 22.1 | 9.1 ± 32.5 | 15.4 ± 36.5 | 3.2 ± 7.44 | 10.3 ± 49.0 | 2.2 ± 4.15 | 1.3 ± 5.44 | 2.7 ± 6.71 | 0.7 ± 1.43 | 0.2 ± 0.62 | 0.2 ± 0.41 | 0.2 ± 0.69 | 0.4 ± 0.87 |
| AUC 0–8h normalized, ng·h/mL/mg | 0.0 ± 0.07 | 0.0 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.47 | 0.2 ± 0.86 | 0.5 ± 1.13 | 0.0 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.45 | 0.2 ± 0.43 | 0.2 ± 0.68 | 0.4 ± 1.10 | 0.0 ± 0.10 | 0.0 ± 0.02$ | 0.1 ± 0.14 | 0.0 ± 0.18$ | 0.4 ± 1.14 |
| AUC 0–24h normalized, ng·h/mL/mg | 0.0 ± 0.09 | 0.0 ± 0.07$ | 0.3 ± 0.48 | 0.5 ± 1.22 | 0.8 ± 1.59* | 0.0 ± 0.08 | 0.1 ± 0.47$ | 0.2 ± 0.40 | 0.2 ± 0.76 | 0.7 ± 1.50* | 0.1 ± 0.21 | 0.0 ± 0.07$ | 0.0 ± 0.14 | 0.0 ± 0.18 | 0.4 ± 1.14 |
| Cmax normalized, ng/mL/mg | 0.0 ± 0.03 | 0.0 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.15 | 0.2 ± 0.65 | 0.2 ± 0.49 | 0.0 ± 0.03 | 0.0 ± 0.21 | 0.1 ± 0.14 | 0.1 ± 0.50 | 0.2 ± 0.48 | 0.0 ± 0.07 | 0.0 ± 0.02$ | 0.0 ± 0.11 | 0.1 ± 0.45 | 0.3 ± 0.67 |
| Tmax, min | 211 ± 430 | 362 ± 522 | 224 ± 367 | 132 ± 278 | 266 ± 417 | 60.0 ± 262 | 175 ± 377 | 233 ± 441 | 55.7 ± 264 | 94.1 ± 274 | 18.5 ± 49.0 | 64.0 ± 268 | 17.1 ± 70.0 | 2.0 ± 8.57 | 25.0 ± 66.0 |
| Half-life, min | 816 ± 1590 | 3520 ± 5410 | 1370 ± 2050 | 612 ± 816 | 750 ± 1140 | 64.0 ± 171 | 86.6 ± 311nk | 69.0 ± 285nk | 102 ± 485nk | 1010 ± 4520nk | 214 ± 1050 | 3.7 ± 18.7nk | 17.9 ± 91.1nk | 0.5 ± 2.40nk | 5.9 ± 30.1nk |
| Terminal elimination rate constant, ng/h | 0.1 ± 0.12 | 0.1 ± 0.31 | 0.3 ± 1.15 | 0.5 ± 1.53 | 0.1 ± 0.15 | 0.0 ± 0.12 | 0.3 ± 1.31nk | 0.0 ± 0.01nk | 0.0 ± 0.03nk | 0.0 ± 0.09nk | 0.2 ± 0.57 | 0.0 ± 0.09nk | 0.0 ± 0.02nk | 0.1 ± 0.62nk | 0.0 ± 0.05nk |
| Relative bioavailability 0–8h | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 42.7 ± 180$ | 143 ± 400 | 88.0 ± 237 | 342 ± 1270 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 6.2 ± 18.0nk | 28.5 ± 54.4nk | 0.7 ± 2.11nk | 55.6 ± 164 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 0.0 ± 0.00nk | 1.5 ± 4.34nk | 0.0 ± 0.00nk | 0.0 ± 0.00 |
| Relative bioavailability 0–24h | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 16.2 ± 41.0 | 58.0 ± 193 | 141 ± 435 | 156 ± 407 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 7.6 ± 18.0nk | 17.6 ± 45.8nk | 0.7 ± 2.11nk | 61.8 ± 163 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 0.0 ± 0.00nk | 1.5 ± 4.34nk | 0.0 ± 0.00nk | 0.0 ± 0.00nk |
Values are means ± SD, n = 30. Size of data sets are available in Supplemental Table 6. *Significantly different compared with the reference STE product, P < 0.05; $significantly different compared with the TPG product, P < 0.05. nk means the model was not estimated due to a high number of missing data or data not different from 0. BDMC, bisdemethoxycurcumin; Cmax, peak plasma concentration; DMC, demethoxycurcumin; NOV, liquid micellar formulation; PHYT, phytosome formulation; STE, standard turmeric extract; TEP, piperine-curcuminoids combination; Tmax, time to maximum concentration; TPG, Turmipure Gold formulation.