TABLE 5.
Pharmacokinetic parameters and relative bioavailabilities of glucuronide-conjugated curcumin metabolites (curcumin, THC, and HHC) after consumption of a single dose of the turmeric formulations STE, TEP, PHYT, NOV, and TPG by healthy human participants1
| Curcumin glucuronide | THC glucuronide | HHC glucuronide | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STE | TEP | PHYT | NOV | TPG | STE | TEP | PHYT | NOV | TPG | STE | TEP | PHYT | NOV | TPG | |
| AUC 0–8h, ng·h/mL | 79.7 ± 77.6 | 63.1 ± 40.0 | 45.0 ± 63.9†,# | 338 ± 142†,# | 98.2 ± 70.6 | 597 ± 395 | 455 ± 348$ | 155 ± 223†,# | 1950 ± 561* | 1140 ± 489 | 597 ± 395 | 455 ± 348$ | 155 ± 223†,# | 1950 ± 561* | 1140 ± 489 |
| AUC 0–24h, ng·h/mL | 236 ± 170 | 187 ± 96.7 | 142 ± 157*,$ | 491 ± 214†,# | 226 ± 141 | 1320 ± 986 | 1230 ± 1110# | 628 ± 973†,$ | 3050 ± 1150* | 2030 ± 1090 | 946 ± 601 | 736 ± 536# | 323 ± 291†,# | 1790 ± 906† | 1450 ± 765* |
| Cmax, ng/mL | 33.9 ± 49.7 | 26.5 ± 44.7 | 25.6 ± 63.0*,$ | 295 ± 137 †,# | 42.5 ± 64.7 | 163 ± 70.6 | 154 ± 84.5$ | 72.7 ± 89.5†,# | 711 ± 249† | 277 ± 128 | 97.9 ± 66.6 | 70.0 ± 38.2# | 31.7 ± 22.6†,# | 330 ± 137†,# | 165 ± 87.3* |
| AUC 0–8h normalized, ng·h/mL/mg | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.04# | 0.3 ± 0.44*,# | 6.7 ± 2.84†,# | 1.3 ± 0.95† | 0.5 ± 0.35 | 0.4 ± 0.31# | 1.1 ± 1.52# | 38.9 ± 11.2†,# | 15.3 ± 6.59† | 0.5 ± 0.35 | 0.4 ± 0.31# | 1.1 ± 1.52# | 38.9 ± 11.2†,# | 15.3 ± 6.59† |
| AUC 0–24h normalized, ng·h/mL/mg | 0.2 ± 0.15 | 0.2 ± 0.09# | 1.0 ± 1.07†,# | 9.8 ± 4.26†,# | 3.0 ± 1.89† | 1.2 ± 0.86 | 1.1 ± 0.99# | 4.3 ± 6.65# | 60.8 ± 23.0†,# | 27.4 ± 14.6† | 0.8 ± 0.53 | 0.7 ± 0.48# | 2.2 ± 1.99†,# | 35.7 ± 18.1†,$ | 19.5 ± 10.3† |
| Cmax normalized, ng/mL/mg | 0.0 ± 0.04 | 0.0 ± 0.04# | 0.2 ± 0.43†,# | 5.9 ± 2.74†,# | 0.6 ± 0.87† | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.08# | 0.5 ± 0.61*,# | 14.2 ± 4.97†,# | 3.7 ± 1.72† | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.03# | 0.2 ± 0.15†,# | 6.6 ± 2.74†,# | 2.2 ± 1.18† |
| Tmax, min | 277 ± 285 | 289 ± 281 | 548 ± 497 | 51.5 ± 15.6*,$ | 177 ± 266 | 256 ± 278 | 322 ± 356 | 181 ± 207*,$ | 62.5 ± 18.9 | 161 ± 142 | 249 ± 153 | 293 ± 269 | 391 ± 246*,# | 72.5 ± 57.0†,# | 203 ± 160 |
| Half-life,2 min | 2100 ± 1970 | 3040 ± 6930 | 2230 ± 1860 | 706 ± 465* | 1260 ± 1750* | 1570 ± 3570 | 730 ± 1190 | 134 ± 330†,# | 491 ± 628 | 1580 ± 2730 | 1570 ± 3570 | 730 ± 1190 | 134 ± 330†,# | 491 ± 628 | 1580 ± 2730 |
| Terminal elimination rate constant,2 ng/h | 0.0 ± 0.02 | 0.0 ± 0.04 | 0.0 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.05* | 0.1 ± 0.06* | 0.1 ± 0.16 | 0.2 ± 0.30 | 0.0 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.11 | 0.1 ± 0.10 | 0.1 ± 0.16 | 0.2 ± 0.30 | 0.0 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.11 | 0.1 ± 0.10 |
| Relative bioavailability 0–8h2 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 1.2 ± 1.19 # | 7.0 ± 12.0# | 143 ± 75.0# | 29.5 ± 26.1 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 0.9 ± 1.16# | 2.1 ± 2.94# | 102 ± 104# | 39.8 ± 45.4 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 0.9 ± 1.16# | 2.1 ± 2.94# | 102 ± 104# | 39.8 ± 45.4 |
| Relative bioavailability 0–24h2 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 1.1 ± 0.84# | 7.7 ± 15.5# | 63.2 ± 34.3# | 19.9 ± 13.4 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 1.8 ± 4.34# | 4.6 ± 8.90# | 90.8 ± 113$ | 32.5 ± 22.3 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 1.2 ± 1.14# | 3.5 ± 3.56# | 93.2 ± 159$ | 34.8 ± 26.7 |
Values are means ± SD, n = 30. Size of data sets are available in Supplemental Table 6. *,†Statistically significant compared with the reference STE product: *P < 0.05, †P < 0.0001. $,#Statistically significant compared with the TPG product: $P < 0.05, #P < 0.0001. Cmax, peak plasma concentration; HHC, hexahydrocurcumin; NOV, liquid micellar formulation; PHYT, phytosome formulation; STE, standard turmeric extract; TEP, piperine-curcuminoids combination; THC, tetrahydrocurcumin; Tmax, time to maximum concentration; TPG, Turmipure Gold formulation.
For these parameters, n = 9–28.