TABLE 6.
Pharmacokinetic parameters and relative bioavailabilities of sulfate-conjugated curcumin metabolites (curcumin, THC, and HHC) after consumption of a single dose of the turmeric formulations STE, TEP, PHYT, NOV, and TPG by healthy human participants1
| Curcumin sulfate | THC sulfate | HHC sulfate | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STE | TEP | PHYT | NOV | TPG | STE | TEP | PHYT | NOV | TPG | STE | TEP | PHYT | NOV | TPG | |
| AUC 0–8h, ng·h/mL | 250 ± 192 | 180 ± 117 | 115 ± 177 | 365 ± 171 | 285 ± 226 | 100 ± 172 | 99.2 ± 149 | 30.8 ± 108*,$ | 122 ± 188 | 86.9 ± 134 | 100 ± 172 | 99.2 ± 149 | 30.8 ± 108*,$ | 122 ± 188 | 86.9 ± 134 |
| AUC 0–24h, ng·h/mL | 618 ± 290 | 474 ± 208 | 291 ± 170 | 609 ± 314 | 575 ± 320 | 317 ± 603 | 264 ± 442 | 164 ± 486 | 296 ± 528 | 211 ± 489 | 1370 ± 1150 | 1230 ± 810# | 528 ± 256†,# | 2010 ± 859† | 1830 ± 744* |
| Cmax, ng/mL | 59.6 ± 54.2 | 42.3 ± 35.4 | 27.1 ± 34 | 125 ± 59.7*,$ | 63.3 ± 57.6 | 59.5 ± 74.8 | 74.2 ± 83.7 | 24.4 ± 55.8*,$ | 62.7 ± 79.3 | 61.1 ± 75.5 | 128 ± 100 | 98.8 ± 54.9# | 47.6 ± 27.3†,# | 344 ± 163†,# | 197 ± 101† |
| AUC 0–8h normalized, ng·h/mL/mg | 0.2 ± 0.17 | 0.2 ± 0.10# | 0.8 ± 1.21†,# | 7.3 ± 3.40†,$ | 3.8 ± 3.05† | 0.1 ± 0.15 | 0.1 ± 0.13 | 0.2 ± 0.74 | 2.4 ± 3.74 | 1.2 ± 1.81 | 0.1 ± 0.15 | 0.1 ± 0.13 | 0.2 ± 0.74 | 2.4 ± 3.74 | 1.2 ± 1.81 |
| AUC 0–24h normalized, ng·h/mL/mg | 0.5 ± 0.25 | 0.4 ± 0.19# | 2.0 ± 1.16†,$ | 12.1 ± 6.25† | 7.7 ± 4.30† | 0.3 ± 0.53 | 0.2 ± 0.39 | 1.1 ± 3.32 | 5.9 ± 10.5 | 2.8 ± 6.59 | 1.2 ± 1.01 | 1.1 ± 0.72# | 3.6 ± 1.75†,# | 40.1 ± 17.1†,# | 24.6 ± 10.0† |
| Cmax normalized, ng/mL/mg | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.0 ± 0.03# | 0.2 ± 0.23†,$ | 2.5 ± 1.19†,# | 0.9 ± 0.78† | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 0.2 ± 0.38 | 1.2 ± 1.58 | 0.8 ± 1.02 | 0.1 ± 0.09 | 0.1 ± 0.05# | 0.3 ± 0.19†,# | 6.9 ± 3.24†,# | 2.7 ± 1.36† |
| Tmax, min | 347 ± 137 | 375 ± 101$ | 438 ± 220$ | 73.0 ± 39.6†,# | 286 ± 127 | 97.0 ± 140 | 189 ± 361 | 114 ± 300 | 174 ± 181 | 176 ± 279 | 232 ± 266 | 200 ± 145 | 490 ± 407†,# | 88.5 ± 57.4†,$ | 176 ± 112 |
| Half-life, min | 973 ± 987 | 680 ± 468 | 1110 ± 1670 | 602 ± 1340 | 1420 ± 5340 | 272 ± 903 | 98.0 ± 259 | 0.0 ± 0.00 | 184 ± 400 | 195 ± 575 | 272 ± 903 | 98.0 ± 259 | 0.0 ± 0.00 | 184 ± 400 | 195 ± 575 |
| Terminal elimination rate constant, ng/h | 0.1 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.08 | 0.2 ± 0.09 | 0.1 ± 0.11 | 0.2 ± 0.38 | 0.1 ± 0.22 | 0.0 ± 0.00$ | 0.1 ± 0.17 | 0.3 ± 0.47 | 0.2 ± 0.38 | 0.1 ± 0.22 | 0.0 ± 0.00$ | 0.1 ± 0.17 | 0.3 ± 0.47 |
| Relative bioavailability 0–8h | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 1.1 ± 1.08# | 6.1 ± 12.6# | 49.2 ± 39.1$ | 25.0 ± 24.6 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 1.0 ± 1.17$ | 3.4 ± 9.08$ | 21.2 ± 30.6 | 15.9 ± 20.3 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 1.0 ± 1.17$ | 3.4 ± 9.08$ | 21.2 ± 30.6 | 15.9 ± 20.3 |
| Relative bioavailability 0–24h | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 0.9 ± 0.60# | 4.7 ± 4.38$ | 28.7 ± 30.3 | 16.5 ± 9.86 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 1.6 ± 2.84 | 13.1 ± 38.3 | 74.6 ± 125 | 26.7 ± 48.3 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 1.0 ± 0.57# | 3.7 ± 1.91# | 45.3 ± 27.4 | 25.8 ± 12.7 |
Values are means ± SD, n = 30. Size of data sets are available in Supplemental Table 6. *,†Statistically significant compared with the reference STE product: *P < 0.05, †P < 0.0001. $,#Statistically significant compared with the TPG product: $P < 0.05, #P < 0.0001. Cmax, peak plasma concentration; HHC, hexahydrocurcumin; NOV, liquid micellar formulation; PHYT, phytosome formulation; STE, standard turmeric extract; TEP, piperine-curcuminoids combination; THC, tetrahydrocurcumin; Tmax, time to maximum concentration; TPG, Turmipure Gold formulation.