. 2021 Apr 20;151(7):1802–1816. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab087

TABLE 7.

Pharmacokinetic parameters and relative bioavailabilities of total curcuminoids, 3, 9, and 15 metabolites, after consumption of a single dose of the turmeric formulations STE, TEP, PHYT, NOV, and TPG by healthy human participants¹

	Total parent curcuminoids²					Total curcumin metabolites³					Total curcuminoids⁴
	STE	TEP	PHYT	NOV	TPG	STE	TEP	PHYT	NOV	TPG	STE	TEP	PHYT	NOV	TPG
Metabolites quantified, n	3					9					15
AUC 0–8h, ng·h/mL	36.2 ± 89.9	37.1 ± 138	36.1 ± 81.4	13.9 ± 50.6	39.9 ± 99.8	2100 ± 1090	1620 ± 719^#	654 ± 616^†,#	5020 ± 1190^†,$	3330 ± 1110*	2200 ± 1110	1730 ± 723 ^#	738 ± 686^†,#	5130 ± 1200^†,$	3410 ± 1140*
AUC 0–24h, ng·h/mL	64.4 ± 123	80.3 ± 176	44.2 ± 81.7	27.8 ± 68.8	69.6 ± 139	4860 ± 2380	4170 ± 2330^$	2110 ± 1660^†,#	8280 ± 2340^†	6370 ± 2250*	5080 ± 2410	4380 ± 2330^$	2330 ± 1730^†,#	8540 ± 2350^†,$	6520 ± 2280
Cmax, ng/mL	21.5 ± 45.4	19.0 ± 51.1	13.4 ± 26.5	10.3 ± 37.4	18.3 ± 43.9	426 ± 188	356 ± 142^#	190 ± 132^†,#	1690 ± 436^†,#	664 ± 269*	445 ± 193	373 ± 142^#	209 ± 144^†,#	1760 ± 454^†,#	678 ± 273*
AUC 0–8h normalized, ng·h/mL/mg	0.0 ± 0.07	0.0 ± 0.10	0.2 ± 0.45	0.2 ± 0.81	0.4 ± 1.12	1.8 ± 0.95	1.4 ± 0.64^#	4.5 ± 4.21^†,#	99.9 ± 23.7^†,#	44.9 ± 15.0^†	1.6 ± 0.81	1.2 ± 0.52^#	4.1 ± 3.83^†,#	81.8 ± 19.2^†,#	38.1 ± 12.7^†
AUC 0–24h normalized, ng·h/mL/mg	0.0 ± 0.09	0.1 ± 0.13^$	0.2 ± 0.46	0.4 ± 1.10	0.8 ± 1.55*	4.3 ± 2.08	3.7 ± 2.08^#	14.4 ± 11.3^†,#	165 ± 46.7^†,#	85.8 ± 30.3^†	3.7 ± 1.75	3.2 ± 1.69^#	13.0 ± 9.65^†,#	136 ± 37.4^†,#	72.9 ± 25.5^†
Cmax normalized, ng/mL/mg	0.0 ± 0.03	0.0 ± 0.04	0.1 ± 0.15	0.2 ± 0.60	0.2 ± 0.49	0.4 ± 0.16	0.3 ± 0.13^#	1.3 ± 0.91^†,#	33.6 ± 8.69^†,#	8.9 ± 3.62^†	0.3 ± 0.14	0.3 ± 0.10^#	1.2 ± 0.80^†,#	28.1 ± 7.23^†,#	7.6 ± 3.06^†
Tmax, min	163 ± 363	373 ± 518	286 ± 425	179 ± 366	264 ± 418	250 ± 175	324 ± 344	379 ± 248^*,$	62.0 ± 17.9^†,#	192 ± 143	257 ± 182	330 ± 341	375 ± 249^*,$	61.0 ± 18.5^†,#	190 ± 148
Half-life, min	1130 ± 2010	2190 ± 3320	1480 ± 2180	647 ± 863	815 ± 1130	904 ± 1780	561 ± 381^$	719 ± 589^$	312 ± 254*	317 ± 173*	788 ± 1230	505 ± 265^$	640 ± 399^$	337 ± 279*	318 ± 154*
Terminal elimination rate constant, ng/h	0.1 ± 0.12	0.1 ± 0.34	0.4 ± 1.33	0.5 ± 1.64	0.1 ± 0.08	0.1 ± 0.05	0.1 ± 0.04^$	0.1 ± 0.04^$	0.2 ± 0.05*	0.2 ± 0.06*	0.1 ± 0.05	0.1 ± 0.04^$	0.1 ± 0.05^$	0.2 ± 0.05*	0.2 ± 0.06*
Relative bioavailability 0–8h	1.0 ± 0.00	28.5 ± 91.3^$	49.0 ± 95.5	88.0 ± 242	171 ± 471	1.0 ± 0.00	1.1 ± 0.98 ^#	2.8 ± 2.36^#	79.4 ± 69.3^#	31.9 ± 21.5	1.0 ± 0.00	1.1 ± 1.07^#	2.9 ± 2.50^#	72.2 ± 58.7^#	30.6 ± 20.0
Relative bioavailability 0–24h	1.0 0.00	28.8 95.4	72.3 229	141 ± 422	170 ± 449	1.0 ± 0.00	1.1 ± 0.81^#	4.1 ± 4.12^#	53.0 ± 42.3^#	25.0 ± 16.3	1.0 ± 0.00	1.1 ± 0.79^#	4.2 ± 4.15^#	49.7 ± 37.8^#	24.2 ± 15.5

Values are means ± SD, n = 30. Size of data sets are available in Supplemental Table 6. ^*,†Statistically significant compared with the reference STE product: *P < 0.05, ^†P < 0.0001. ^$,#Statistically significant compared with the TPG product: ^$P < 0.05, ^#P < 0.0001. BDMC, bisdemethoxycurcumin; Cmax, peak plasma concentration; DMC, demethoxycurcumin; HHC, hexahydrocurcumin; NOV, liquid micellar formulation; PHYT, phytosome formulation; STE, standard turmeric extract; TEP, piperine-curcuminoids combination; THC, tetrahydrocurcumin; Tmax, time to maximum concentration; TPG, Turmipure Gold formulation.

²Total parent curcuminoids (unconjugated) = curcumin + DMC + BDMC.

³Curcumin and all its metabolites = curcumin + curcumin sulfate + curcumin glucuronide + THC + THC sulfate + THC glucuronide + HHC + HHC glucuronide + HHC sulfate.

⁴Total curcuminoids (parents + reduced and their conjugates) = curcumin + curcumin sulfate + curcumin glucuronide + DMC + DMC sulfate + DMC glucuronide + BDMC + BDMC glucuronide + BDMC sulfate + THC + THC sulfate + THC glucuronide + HHC + HHC glucuronide + HHC sulfate.