Table 2. Comparison of clinical and pathological variables according to expression of phosphorylated PAK4 (pPAK4) and PAK4 in patients with surgically-treated renal cell carcinoma.
| Variable | pPAK4 expression | p-value | PAK4 expression | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | High | Low | High | ||||
| Patients | 56 (42.7) | 75 (57.3) | 90 (75.6) | 29 (24.4) | |||
| Mean age (y) | 59.5±12.4 | 59.5±13.1 | 0.994 | 60.3±13.0 | 59.9±12.6 | 0.218 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24 ±3.7 | 24.4±3.4 | 0.713 | 24.6±3.5 | 24.6±3.6 | 0.955 | |
| Sex | 0.839 | 1.000 | |||||
| Male | 41 (73.2) | 57 (76.0) | 66 (73.3) | 21 (72.4) | |||
| Female | 15 (26.8) | 18 (24.0) | 24 (26.7) | 8 (27.6) | |||
| Smoking | 0.950 | 0.374 | |||||
| Never | 31 (55.4) | 40 (53.3) | 47 (52.2) | 16 (55.2) | |||
| Ex-smoker | 15 (26.8) | 20 (26.7) | 26 (28.9) | 5 (17.2) | |||
| Current | 10 (17.9) | 15 (20.0) | 17 (18.9) | 8 (27.6) | |||
| DM | 12 (21.4) | 11 (14.7) | 0.358 | 18 (20.0) | 4 (13.8) | 0.587 | |
| HTN | 23 (41.1) | 29 (38.7) | 0.857 | 38 (42.2) | 8 (27.6) | 0.192 | |
| Histology | 0.274 | 0.206 | |||||
| Clear cell | 50 (89.3) | 64 (85.3) | 76 (84.4) | 27 (93.1) | |||
| Papillary | 1 (1.8) | 6 (8.0) | 5 (5.6) | 2 (6.9) | |||
| Chromophobe | 5 (8.9) | 5 (6.7) | 9 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Tumor size (mm) | 47.3±31.4 | 60.6±41.2 | 0.038 | 54.2±35.8 | 52.3±36.1 | 0.803 | |
| TNM stage | 0.036 | 0.964 | |||||
| pT1 | 46 (82.1) | 44 (58.7) | 64 (71.1) | 20 (69.0) | |||
| pT2 | 2 (3.6) | 5 (6.7) | 5 (5.6) | 2 (6.9) | |||
| pT3–4 | 5 (8.9) | 13 (17.3) | 10 (11.1) | 4 (13.8) | |||
| Any pT, ≥pN1, or cM1 | 3 (5.4) | 13 (17.3) | 11 (12.2) | 3 (10.3) | |||
| Fuhrman grade | 0.002 | 0.271 | |||||
| 1−2 | 43 (76.8) | 37 (49.3) | 53 (58.9) | 21 (72.4) | |||
| 3−4 | 13 (23.2) | 38 (50.7) | 37 (41.1) | 8 (27.6) | |||
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.
p-values were obtained using the Student's t-test and chi-square tests.
PAK4, p21-activated kinases; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; TNM, tumor, nodes, metastasis.