Table 3. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models predicting tumor recurrence in a subgroup with localized RCC (T1-2N0M0) after surgery.
| Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Age (continuous) | 1.001 (0.964−1.039) | 0.969 | - | ||
| Sex (female vs. male) | 0.721 (0.238−2.189) | 0.564 | - | ||
| HTN (yes vs. no) | 1.365 (0.545−3.418) | 0.506 | - | ||
| DM (yes vs. no) | 2.097 (0.796−5.525) | 0.134 | - | ||
| BMI (continuous) | 1.030 (0.872−1.217) | 0.726 | - | ||
| Smoking history (yes vs. no) | 1.579 (0.619−4.029) | 0.339 | - | ||
| OP methods (PN vs. RN) | 0.041 (0.000−32.744) | 0.349 | - | ||
| TNM stage | |||||
| pT1a | 1 | ||||
| pT1b | 5.246 (1.660−16.580) | 0.005 | 4.118 (1.217−13.938) | 0.023 | |
| pT2 | 7.464 (1.836−30.351) | 0.005 | 6.475 (1.568−26.745) | 0.010 | |
| Fuhrman grade (G3–4 vs. G1–2) | 2.037 (0.813−5.105) | 0.129 | - | ||
| Tumor histology (non-ccRCC vs. ccRCC) | 4.300 (1.608−11.496) | 0.004 | 4.117 (1.373−12.349) | 0.012 | |
| PAK4 expression (high vs. low) | 0.458 (0.131–1.600) | 0.221 | - | ||
| pPAK4S474 expression (high vs. low) | 5.443 (1.729−17.129) | 0.004 | 5.729 (1.780−18.436) | 0.003 | |
RCC, renal cell carcinoma; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; OP, operation; PN, partial nephrectomy; RN, radical nephrectomy; TNM, tumor, nodes, metastasis; ccRCC, clear cell RCC; PAK4, p21-activated kinase 4; pPAK4S474, phospho-Ser474 PAK4.