Table 2. The dysregulated expression of MSX2 in cancer.
| Type of cancer | Subtype of cancer | Expression | Reasons for dysregulation in cancer | Involved signaling pathways | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | – | Up | Estrogen, progesterone | – | (75) |
| Breast cancer | – | Down | FBXW2, PR | (47,55) | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous tumor | Up | – | – | (76) |
| Pancreatic cancer | – | Up | P300, CBP | BMP signaling, Ras signaling | (40,53) |
| Gastric cancer | Diffuse-type gastric cancer | Up | Hypomethylation | Hh signaling | (10,52) |
| Odontogenic cancer | Ameloblastoma | Down | Ameloblastin | – | (46) |
| Melanoma | – | Down | – | – | (77) |
| Colorectal cancer | – | Up | – | – | (19) |
| Nasal cancer | Nasal inverted papilloma of the nose | Up | – | – | (78) |
| Prostate cancer | Prostate adenocarcinoma | Up | – | – | (79) |
| Lung cancer | – | Down | FBXW2 | – | (55) |
| Lung cancer | – | Up | – | – | (80) |
| Ovarian cancer | Ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma | Up | – | WNT signaling | (49) |
| Ovarian cancer | Ovarian yolk sac tumor | Up | – | – | (81) |
| Teratoma | – | Up | – | WNT signaling | (51) |
MSX2, muscle segment homeobox 2; FBXW2, F-box and WD repeat domain containing 2; PR, signaling progesterone receptor signaling; p300, E1A-associated protein p300; CBP, camp-response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein, BMP signaling, bone morphogenetic protein signaling; Hh, hedgehog.