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. 2020 Jul 30;27(4):355–366. doi: 10.1177/1073858420943515

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© The Author(s) 2020

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 2. — Regulation of gene expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons by action potential firing patterns. Pathways important in axonal growth and growth-cone signaling are oppositely regulated by the 18/1 and 90/5 stimulus patterns. This suggests that genes in the pathways that are differentially activated by the temporal nature of action potential firing may share transcription factor binding sites that are preferentially responsive to action potential firing patterns. Rac signaling pathways are shown to depict extracellular, cytoplasmic, and nuclear sites of action. Elements of the pathway are up- (11, red) or down-regulated (25, green) depending on the regulation of genes in the pathway. Many downstream signaling pathways affect neurite outgrowth and dynamics and interact through Rac, for example, actin polymerization, translation and membrane ruffling. Reprinted and modified from Lee and others (2017).