Table 2.
Demographics and Baseline Characteristics of Implanted Subjects.
| Baseline characteristics (N = 103) | |
|---|---|
| Age in years | |
| Mean (SD) | 60.8 (13.4) |
| Minimum to maximum | 29–93 |
| Sex (n, %) | |
| Female | 56 (54.4%) |
| Race (n, %) | |
| Black or African American | 10 (9.7%) |
| White | 92 (89.3%) |
| Other | 1 (1.0%) |
| Ethnicity (n, %) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 4 (3.9%) |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 93 (90.3%) |
| Not reported | 5 (4.9%) |
| Unknown | 1 (1.0%) |
| Years from pain onset (n = 102) | |
| Mean (SD) | 12.9 (11.1) |
| Minimum to maximum | 1–53 |
| Primary diagnosis (n, %) | |
| Postlaminectomy pain/FBSS* | 46 (44.7%) |
| Radicular pain syndrome | 28 (27.2%) |
| Degenerative disc disease | 14 (13.6%) |
| Complex regional pain syndrome | 1 (1.0%) |
| Other | 14 (13.6%) |
| Number of prior surgical procedures | |
| Mean (SD) | 1.4 (1.4) |
| Median | 1 |
| Minimum to maximum | 0–7 |
| Overall pain (0–100) | |
| Mean (SD) | 77.2 (12.7) |
| Minimum to maximum | 45 to 100 |
| Low back pain | |
| Mean (SD) | 75.1 (12.8) |
| Minimum to maximum | 50–100 |
| Leg pain | |
| Mean (SD) | 74.4 (13.2) |
| Minimum to maximum | 52–100 |
| Top 3 classes of medications (n, %) | |
| Opioids | 66 (64.1%) |
| Anticonvulsants – GABAergic | 51 (49.5%) |
| NSAID | 28 (27.2%) |
*
Physicians had a choice to use diagnosis of either postlaminectomy pain or FBSS.