TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of 4365 patients in the Alpha Omega Cohort, overall and by categories of total milk consumption1
| Energy-adjusted total milk consumption, g/d | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total population (n = 4365) | <50 (n = 1659) | ≥50 to 100 (n = 671) | ≥100 to 150 (n = 700) | ≥150 (n = 1335) | |
| Median total milk consumption, g/d | 88 | 12 | 72 | 125 | 249 |
| Women | 933 (21.4) | 303 (18.3) | 183 (27.3) | 127 (18.1) | 320 (24.0) |
| Age, y | 69.0 ± 5.6 | 68.7 ± 5.5 | 69.1 ± 5.5 | 69.1 ± 5.5 | 69.4 ± 5.6 |
| Dutch ethnicity | 4315 (98.9) | 1637 (98.7) | 663 (98.9) | 697 (99.6) | 1318 (98.7) |
| Smoking2 | |||||
| Never | 722 (16.5) | 262 (15.8) | 118 (17.6) | 106 (15.1) | 236 (17.7) |
| Former | 2929 (67.1) | 1116 (67.3) | 441 (65.8) | 491 (70.1) | 881 (66.0) |
| Current | 713 (16.3) | 281 (16.9) | 111 (16.6) | 103 (14.7) | 218 (16.3) |
| Physical activity3 | |||||
| No or only light activity | 1783 (41.1) | 673 (40.7) | 275 (41.3) | 292 (41.8) | 543 (41.0) |
| Moderate or vigorous activity | 2557 (58.9) | 979 (59.3) | 391 (58.7) | 406 (58.2) | 781 (59.0) |
| BMI,4 kg/m2 | 27.7 ± 3.8 | 27.6 ± 3.8 | 28.0 ± 3.8 | 27.8 ± 3.7 | 27.8 ± 3.9 |
| Obese | 1032 (23.6) | 364 (22.0) | 173 (25.8) | 162 (23.1) | 333 (25.0) |
| Alcohol consumption,5 g/d | |||||
| Abstainers | 231 (5.3) | 77 (4.6) | 41 (6.1) | 33 (4.7) | 80 (6.0) |
| Light | 2230 (51.1) | 780 (47.0) | 351 (52.3) | 350 (50.0) | 749 (56.1) |
| Moderate | 1212 (27.8) | 479 (28.9) | 189 (28.2) | 197 (28.1) | 347 (26.0) |
| Heavy | 692 (15.9) | 323 (19.5) | 90 (13.4) | 120 (17.1) | 159 (11.9) |
| Blood pressure,6 mm Hg | |||||
| Systolic | 141.9 ± 21.6 | 141.9 ± 21.9 | 142.9 ± 21.0 | 142.0 ± 21.8 | 141.4 ± 21.3 |
| Diastolic | 80.2 ± 11.1 | 80.2 ± 11.3 | 80.5 ± 11.0 | 80.6 ± 10.9 | 79.9 ± 11.0 |
| Antihypertensive drug use | 3919 (89.8) | 1497 (90.2) | 606 (90.3) | 625 (89.3) | 1191 (89.2) |
| Serum blood lipids, mmol/L | |||||
| Total cholesterol7 | 4.71 ± 0.95 | 4.69 ± 0.96 | 4.71 ± 0.95 | 4.71 ± 0.93 | 4.72 ± 0.97 |
| LDL cholesterol8 | 2.57 ± 0.82 | 2.55 ± 0.81 | 2.58 ± 0.82 | 2.55 ± 0.80 | 2.59 ± 0.84 |
| HDL cholesterol9 | 1.29 ± 0.34 | 1.29 ± 0.35 | 1.29 ± 0.33 | 1.27 ± 0.33 | 1.28 ± 0.34 |
| Triglycerides9 | 1.92 ± 1.05 | 1.91 ± 1.03 | 1.87 ± 1.02 | 2.03 ± 1.16 | 1.90 ± 1.01 |
| Statin use | 3747 (85.8) | 1426 (86.0) | 582 (86.7) | 605 (86.4) | 1134 (84.9) |
| Prevalent diabetes10 | 883 (20.2) | 313 (18.9) | 143 (21.3) | 131 (18.7) | 296 (22.2) |
| Plasma glucose,11 mmol/L | 6.17 ± 2.06 | 6.11 ± 2.03 | 6.19 ± 2.03 | 6.16 ± 1.96 | 6.25 ± 2.15 |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1914 ± 521 | 1979 ± 507 | 1808 ± 616 | 1939 ± 453 | 1875 ± 509 |
| DHD15-index score | 79 ± 14 | 77 ± 14 | 80 ± 13 | 81 ± 13 | 80 ± 14 |
Values are mean ± SD for normally distributed variables, or n (%) for categorical or discrete variables, unless otherwise indicated. DHD15-index, Dutch Healthy Diet 2015 index; MET, metabolic equivalent task.
Missing data for 1 patient.
Missing data for 25 patients. No or only light activity was defined as METs < 3. Moderate or vigorous activity was defined as METs > 3.
Missing data for 6 patients. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30.
Light alcohol consumption was defined as >0 to ≤10 g/d for men or >0 to ≤5 g/d for women. Moderate alcohol consumption was defined as >10 to ≤30 g/d for men or >5 to ≤15 g/d for women. Heavy alcohol consumption was defined as >30 g/d for men or >15 g/d for women.
Missing data for 6 patients.
Nonfasted, missing data for 111 patients.
Nonfasted, missing data for 309 patients.
Nonfasted, missing data for 111 patients.
Defined as a self-reported physician diagnosis, use of antidiabetic medication, or elevated plasma glucose (≥7.0 mmol/L if fasted >4 h or ≥11.1 mmol/L if nonfasted).
Nonfasted, missing data for 86 patients.