TABLE 3.
HRs for milk and total dairy in relation to CVD and all-cause mortality in 4365 patients from the Alpha Omega Cohort1
| Categories of energy-adjusted dairy consumption | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | P value2 | |
| CVD mortality | |||||
| Total milk3 | |||||
| n | 1659 | 671 | 700 | 1335 | |
| Intake,4 g/d | <50 (11.6) | ≥50–100 (71.9) | ≥100–150 (125.4) | ≥150 (248.5) | |
| Events | 334 | 126 | 146 | 297 | |
| Person-years | 18,649 | 7463 | 7744 | 14,616 | |
| Model 15 | 1 | 0.91 (0.74, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) | 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) | 0.23 |
| Model 26 | 1 | 0.93 (0.75, 1.14) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.25) | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) | 0.31 |
| Model 37 | 1 | 0.93 (0.75, 1.14) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.26) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.24) | 0.41 |
| Low-fat milk (<2% fat)8 | |||||
| n | 2118 | 554 | 703 | 990 | |
| Intake,4 g/d | <50 (0.0) | ≥50–100 (77.6) | ≥100–150 (127.3) | ≥150 (310.5) | |
| Events | 434 | 102 | 145 | 222 | |
| Person-years | 23,477 | 6249 | 7882 | 10,865 | |
| Model 15 | 1 | 0.88 (0.71, 1.09) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.14) | 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) | 0.35 |
| Model 26 | 1 | 0.89 (0.72, 1.10) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.28) | 0.29 |
| Model 37 | 1 | 0.91 (0.73, 1.13) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.19) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.27) | 0.35 |
| Total dairy9 | |||||
| n | 1321 | 1136 | 820 | 1088 | |
| Intake,4 g/d | <200 (135.8) | ≥200–300 (245.6) | ≥200–300 (343.8) | ≥400 (527.5) | |
| Events | 272 | 216 | 176 | 239 | |
| Person-years | 14,823 | 12,597 | 9177 | 11,876 | |
| Model 15 | 1 | 0.86 (0.72, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.15) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 0.80 |
| Model 26 | 1 | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.80, 1.18) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.19) | 0.95 |
| Model 37 | 1 | 0.91 (0.75, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.80, 1.19) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 0.88 |
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| Total milk | |||||
| n | 1659 | 671 | 700 | 1335 | |
| Intake,4 g/d | <50 (11.6) | ≥50–100 (71.9) | ≥100–150 (125.4) | ≥150 (248.5) | |
| Events | 749 | 311 | 327 | 648 | |
| Person-years | 18,649 | 7463 | 7744 | 14,616 | |
| Model 15 | 1 | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.17) | 0.32 |
| Model 26 | 1 | 1.02 (0.90, 1.17) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.18) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.17) | 0.34 |
| Model 37 | 1 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.17) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 0.38 |
| Low-fat milk (<2% fat) | |||||
| n | 2118 | 554 | 703 | 990 | |
| Intake,4 g/d | <50 (0.0) | ≥50–100 (77.6) | ≥100–150 (127.3) | ≥150 (310.5) | |
| Events | 998 | 250 | 318 | 469 | |
| Person-years | 23,477 | 6249 | 7882 | 10,865 | |
| Model 15 | 1 | 0.94 (0.82, 1.08) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.11) | 0.87 |
| Model 26 | 1 | 0.96 (0.84, 1.11) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) | 0.80 |
| Model 37 | 1 | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) | 0.78 |
| Total dairy | |||||
| n | 1321 | 1136 | 820 | 1088 | |
| Intake,4 g/d | <200 (135.8) | ≥200–300 (245.6) | ≥300–400 (343.8) | ≥400 (527.5) | |
| Events | 604 | 523 | 383 | 525 | |
| Person-years | 14,823 | 12,597 | 9177 | 11,876 | |
| Model 15 | 1 | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) | 0.99 |
| Model 26 | 1 | 0.98 (0.87, 1.10) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | 0.98 |
| Model 37 | 1 | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) | 0.98 (0.86, 1.12) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.15) | 0.91 |
CVD, cardiovascular disease.
P-trend for categories was calculated by modeling their median values as a continuous variable.
Nonfermented full-fat, semi skimmed, and skimmed milk.
Median in parentheses.
Adjusted for total energy intake, age, and sex.
Adjusted as model 1, plus for smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, diabetes, and obesity.
Adjusted as model 2, plus for intakes of whole grains, refined grains, fruits, vegetables, red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, coffee, tea, fish, and salt from foods.
Semi skimmed (<2% fat) and skimmed milk (<1% fat).
Total milk, total fermented dairy, butter, (ice)cream, and (sweetened) dairy desserts.