TABLE 4.

HRs for high-fat milk, liquid fermented dairy, and butter in relation to CVD and all-cause mortality in 4365 patients from the Alpha Omega Cohort¹

	Categories of dairy consumption
	Zero intake	Any intake	P value2
CVD mortality
High-fat milk (≥3.5% fat)
n	3935	430
Intake, g/d	0	54.0
Events	810	93
Person-years	44,055	4418
Model 13,4	1	1.18 (0.95, 1.46)	0.13
Model 24,5	1	1.10 (0.89, 1.37)	0.39
Model 34,6	1	1.06 (0.85, 1.32)	0.60
Liquid fermented dairy7
n	2686	1679
Intake, g/d	0	75.0
Events	570	333
Person-years	29,596	18,878
Model 13,4	1	0.95 (0.83, 1.09)	0.45
Model 24,5	1	0.98 (0.85, 1.12)	0.76
Model 34,6	1	0.98 (0.86, 1.13)	0.79
Butter
n	3693	672
Intake, g/d	0	4.4
Events	770	133
Person-years	41,258	7215
Model 13,4	1	0.95 (0.79, 1.14)	0.55
Model 24,5	1	0.93 (0.77, 1.12)	0.44
Model 34,6	1	0.91 (0.76, 1.10)	0.32
All-cause mortality
High-fat milk (≥3.5% fat)
n	3935	430
Intake, g/d	0	54.0
Events	1791	244
Person-years	44,055	4418
Model 13,4	1	1.42 (1.24, 1.62)	<0.001
Model 24,5	1	1.33 (1.16, 1.52)	<0.001
Model 34,6	1	1.30 (1.13, 1.49)	<0.001
Liquid fermented dairy
n	2686	1679
Intake, g/d	0	75.0
Events	1292	743
Person-years	29,596	18,878
Model 13,4	1	0.94 (0.86, 1.03)	0.19
Model 24,5	1	0.96 (0.88, 1.06)	0.43
Model 34,6	1	0.97 (0.89, 1.06)	0.52
Butter
n	3693	672
Intake, g/d	0	4.4
Events	1706	329
Person-years	41,258	7215
Model 13,4	1	1.07 (0.95, 1.20)	0.28
Model 24,5	1	1.04 (0.93, 1.18)	0.47
Model 34,6	1	1.04 (0.91, 1.16)	0.63

¹CVD, cardiovascular disease.

² P for HR.

³Adjusted for total energy intake, age, and sex.

⁴Values are HRs (95% CIs) obtained from Cox proportional hazards models, using the lowest category as the reference.

⁵Adjusted as per model 1, plus for smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, diabetes, and obesity.

⁶Adjusted as per model 2, plus for intakes of whole grains, refined grains, fruits, vegetables, red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, coffee, tea, fish, and salt from foods.

⁷Buttermilk and yogurt drinks.