TABLE 1.
Baseline health and sociodemographic characteristics of participants by protein intake category1
| Protein intake, g/kg aBW/d | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 5725) | Missing, % | <0.8 (n = 1579) | 0.8–0.99 (n = 1335) | 1.0–1.19 (n = 1218) | ≥1.2 (n = 1593) | P | |
| Age, y, median (IQR) | 75.0 (71.6–79.0) | 0.0 | 75.0 (72.0–79.0) | 75.0 (72.0–79.2) | 75.0 (71.0–79.0) | 74.0 (70.8–79.0) | <0.001 |
| Females, % (n) | 53.0 (3035) | 0.0 | 53.8 (849) | 53.7 (717) | 53.5 (652) | 51.3 (817) | 0.448 |
| Cohort, % (n) | 0.0 | <0.001 | |||||
| Health ABC | 46.5 (2660) | 66.1 (1044) | 44.8 (598) | 37.6 (458) | 35.2 (560) | ||
| NuAge | 30.1 (1726) | 16.2 (256) | 32.5 (434) | 36.9 (450) | 36.8 (586) | ||
| LASA | 10.8 (620) | 5.0 (79) | 8.1 (108) | 13.7 (167) | 16.7 (266) | ||
| N85+ | 12.6 (719) | 12.7 (200) | 14.6 (195) | 11.7 (143) | 11.4 (181) | ||
| Education, % (n) | 0.1 | 0.071 | |||||
| Low | 31.9 (1822) | 31.1 (490) | 33.2 (443) | 30.1 (366) | 32.8 (523) | ||
| Medium | 37.7 (2156) | 36.8 (580) | 36.4 (486) | 37.8 (460) | 39.5 (630) | ||
| High | 30.4 (1741) | 32.1 (505) | 30.4 (406) | 32.1 (390) | 27.6 (440) | ||
| Multimorbidity, % (n) | 51.0 (2784) | 4.6 | 49.6 (763) | 52.6 (663) | 53.0 (605) | 49.6 (753) | 0.144 |
| Cognition, % (n) | 2.9 | 0.025 | |||||
| Low | 29.9 (1660) | 31.3 (472) | 29.8 (388) | 29.9 (357) | 28.5 (443) | ||
| Medium | 41.7 (2319) | 39.4 (594) | 40.9 (532) | 40.6 (484) | 45.5 (709) | ||
| High | 28.4 (1579) | 29.4 (443) | 29.2 (380) | 29.4 (351) | 26.0 (405) | ||
| Smokers, % (n) | 8.5 (488) | 0.3 | 8.1 (127) | 8.4 (112) | 8.6 (105) | 9.1 (144) | 0.784 |
| Alcohol drinkers, % (n) | 44.5 (2545) | 0.0 | 37.7 (596) | 42.6 (569) | 48.4 (589) | 49.7 (791) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake, z-score (mean ± SD) | −0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.0 | −0.8 ± 0.7 | −0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, % (n) | 0.1 | <0.001 | |||||
| Low | 32.3 (1849) | 36.7 (580) | 30.0 (400) | 32.6 (397) | 29.6 (472) | ||
| Medium | 33.8 (1935) | 34.1 (539) | 35.5 (473) | 34.7 (422) | 31.5 (501) | ||
| High | 33.9 (1937) | 29.1 (460) | 34.5 (460) | 32.7 (398) | 38.9 (619) | ||
| Walking speed, z-score (mean ± SD) | −0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.9 | −0.1 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.1 ± 1.0 | 0.005 |
| Mobility limitations, % (n) | |||||||
| Difficulty walking >200 m | 18.0 (1031) | 0.0 | 22.2 (351) | 17.8 (238) | 16.3 (198) | 15.3 (244) | <0.001 |
| Difficulty climbing stairs | 21.3 (1208) | 0.9 | 25.0 (390) | 21.6 (286) | 19.1 (231) | 19.1 (301) | <0.001 |
1
Cognition was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination. Smokers and alcohol drinkers represent current consumers. z-scores and tertiles are cohort-specific. Nondifference between protein intake categories was assessed with χ2 test for categorical variables and ANOVA/Kruskal–Wallis for continuous variables along with the effect size and SD or 95% CI. aBW, adjusted body weight; Health ABC, Health, Aging and Body Composition Study; LASA, Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam; N85+, Newcastle 85 + Study; NuAge, Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging.