TABLE 2.
Sociodemographic characteristics and functional outcomes by wave of follow-up1
| Baseline (n = 5725) | Wave 2 (n = 5337) | Wave 3 (n = 4419) | Wave 4 (n = 3980) | Wave 5 (n = 1865) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, median (IQR) | 75.0 (71.6–79.0) | 76.0 (73.0–80.0) | 78.4 (76.0–82.0) | 80.0 (77.2–83.3) | 82.0 (80.0–84.0) |
| Females, % (n) | 53.0 (3035) | 53.5 (2856) | 54.3 (2398) | 54.6 (2172) | 54.9 (1023) |
| Cohort, % (n) | |||||
| Health ABC | 46.5 (2660) | 46.6 (2487) | 53.2 (2353) | 52.4 (2085) | 100.0 (1865) |
| NuAge | 30.1 (1726) | 31.2 (1666) | 36.4 (1610) | 39.4 (1567) | 0.0 (0) |
| LASA | 10.8 (620) | 11.3 (602) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) |
| N85+ | 12.6 (719) | 10.9 (582) | 10.3 (456) | 8.2 (328) | 0.0 (0) |
| Education, % (n) | |||||
| Low | 31.9 (1822) | 31.0 (1651) | 30.9 (1366) | 30.4 (1208) | 20.5 (382) |
| Medium | 37.7 (2156) | 38.0 (2025) | 35.1 (1551) | 35.2 (1400) | 32.4 (603) |
| High | 30.4 (1741) | 31.0 (1655) | 33.9 (1499) | 34.4 (1368) | 47.1 (878) |
| Multimorbidity, % (n) | 51.0 (2784) | 55.7 (2856) | 56.1 (2396) | 57.7 (2147) | 58.9 (1099) |
| Cognition, % (n) | |||||
| Low | 29.9 (1660) | 31.4 (1475) | 30.8 (1212) | 36.6 (1201) | 37.1 (538) |
| Medium | 41.7 (2319) | 38.7 (1817) | 38.0 (1498) | 39.5 (1298) | 31.9 (462) |
| High | 28.4 (1579) | 29.8 (1399) | 31.2 (1230) | 23.9 (786) | 31.0 (449) |
| Smokers, % (n) | 8.5 (488) | 7.7 (396) | 6.6 (282) | 6.0 (224) | 7.0 (130) |
| Alcohol drinkers, % (n) | 44.5 (2545) | 45.3 (2359) | 40.6 (1738) | 41.7 (1574) | 37.8 (705) |
| Energy intake, z-score (mean ± SD) | −0.0 ± 1.0 | −0.0 ± 1.0 | −0.0 ± 1.0 | −0.0 ± 1.0 | −0.0 ± 1.0 |
| Protein intake, g/kg BW/d, % (n) | |||||
| <0.8 | 33.6 (1924) | 34.0 (1752) | 36.8 (1566) | 36.7 (1373) | 45.5 (848) |
| 0.8–0.99 | 23.3 (1332) | 23.2 (1198) | 22.9 (976) | 22.4 (838) | 21.2 (395) |
| 1.0–1.19 | 19.3 (1107) | 19.0 (981) | 18.2 (773) | 18.5 (691) | 15.7 (292) |
| ≥1.2 | 23.8 (1362) | 23.8 (1227) | 22.1 (942) | 22.5 (842) | 17.7 (330) |
| Protein intake, g/kg aBW/d, % (n) | |||||
| <0.8 | 27.6 (1579) | 28.1 (1427) | 30.4 (1293) | 30.0 (1117) | 39.4 (734) |
| 0.8–0.99 | 23.3 (1335) | 23.1 (1173) | 24.5 (1043) | 23.7 (881) | 22.6 (421) |
| 1.0–1.19 | 21.3 (1218) | 20.8 (1056) | 19.7 (836) | 20.9 (777) | 17.4 (324) |
| ≥1.2 | 27.8 (1593) | 27.9 (1415) | 25.4 (1078) | 25.5 (948) | 20.7 (386) |
| Physical activity, % (n) | |||||
| Low | 32.3 (1849) | 37.9 (1933) | 44.8 (1848) | 43.7 (1541) | 51.0 (870) |
| Medium | 33.8 (1935) | 39.7 (2025) | 31.2 (1287) | 32.0 (1127) | 30.1 (514) |
| High | 33.9 (1937) | 22.5 (1146) | 24.1 (993) | 24.3 (856) | 18.9 (322) |
| Walking speed, m/s (mean ± SD) | 1.06 ± 0.28 | 1.06 ± 0.29 | 1.03 ± 0.27 | 1.01 ± 0.25 | 1.03 ± 0.23 |
| Walking speed, z-score (mean ± SD) | −0.00 ± 1.00 | −0.02 ± 1.00 | −0.14 ± 1.05 | −0.28 ± 1.06 | −0.53 ± 1.08 |
| Mobility limitation, % (n) | |||||
| Difficulty walking >200 m | 18.0 (1031) | 21.2 (1048) | 25.2 (981) | 30.2 (1092) | 35.4 (605) |
| Difficulty climbing stairs | 21.3 (1208) | 24.2 (1233) | 30.0 (1246) | 31.5 (1129) | 25.5 (414) |
Not all waves are at the same time of follow-up among cohorts. In Health ABC the necessary variables were available at year 2 (operationalized as baseline), 4 (wave 2), 6 (wave 3), 8 (wave 4), and 10 (wave 5). In NuAge data were available at year 1 (baseline), 2 (wave 2), 3 (wave 3), and 4 (wave 4). In LASA variables were available at wave 3B (baseline) and at wave I after 3 y (wave 2). The Newcastle 85+ has data at baseline, after 18 mo (wave 2), after 36 mo (wave 3), and after 60 mo (wave 4). Cognition was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination. Smokers and alcohol drinkers represent current consumers. z-scores and tertiles are cohort-specific. aBW, adjusted body weight; BW, body weight; Health ABC, Health, Aging and Body Composition Study; LASA, Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam; N85+, Newcastle 85+ Study; NuAge, Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging.