TABLE 2.
Associations of maternal diet patterns with birthweight outcomes, NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons, 2009–20131
| PCA-derived patterns | A priori patterns | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β2 (95% CI) | β2 (95% CI) | |||||
| Continuous outcome | PCA pattern 1 | PCA pattern 2 | AHEI-2010 | aMED | DASH | |
| Birthweight, g | Q1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Q2 | −37.82 (−112.96, 37.33) | −21.22 (−98.68, 56.23) | 66.67 (−4.79,138.11) | 13.04 (−64.17, 90.26) | 15.70 (−52.97, 84.37) | |
| Q3 | −65.69 (−148.10, 16.72) | 24.19 (−58.65, 107.03) | 58.70 (−18.94, 136.34) | 65.92 (−5.51, 137.34) | 62.31 (−4.71, 129.34) | |
| Q4 | −52.29 (−177.74, 73.16) | 37.30 (−49.55, 124.15) | 96.56 (17.01, 176.11) | 125.90 (41.79, 210.01) | 100.37 (24.95, 175.79) | |
| P-trend | 0.41 | 0.25 | 0.039 | 0.0021* | 0.015* | |
| OR3 (95% CI) | OR3 (95% CI) | |||||
| Categorical outcomes, % | PCA pattern 1 | PCA pattern 2 | AHEI-2010 | aMED | DASH | |
| Size for gestational age | ||||||
| SGA, 9.1% | Q1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Q2 | 1.56 (0.93, 2.67) | 0.70 (0.42, 1.19) | 0.76 (0.47, 1.25) | 1.22 (0.71, 2.11) | 0.85 (0.50, 1.46) | |
| Q3 | 1.37 (0.76, 2.48) | 0.72 (0.41, 1.25) | 0.80 (0.48, 1.31) | 0.89 (0.53, 1.51) | 0.86 (0.51, 1.45) | |
| Q4 | 1.24 (0.53, 2.86) | 0.66 (0.36, 1.21) | 0.55 (0.30, 1.01) | 0.60 (0.29, 1.22) | 0.78 (0.43, 1.43) | |
| P-trend | 0.81 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.43 | |
| LGA, 8.0% | Q1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Q2 | 0.91 (0.53, 1.56) | 0.81 (0.46, 1.42) | 1.73 (1.02, 2.92) | 1.53 (0.84, 1.51) | 1.29 (0.68, 2.46) | |
| Q3 | 0.92 (0.50, 1.68) | 1.12 (0.64, 1.94) | 1.18 (0.67, 2.07) | 1.81 (1.03, 3.19) | 1.75 (0.95, 3.23) | |
| Q4 | 0.71 (0.28, 1.85) | 0.97 (0.50, 1.88) | 0.91 (0.48, 1.72) | 1.66 (0.85, 3.25) | 1.73 (0.88, 3.40) | |
| P-trend | 0.51 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.14 | 0.094 | |
| Birthweight | ||||||
| LBW, 5.5% | Q1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Q2 | 1.07 (0.49, 2.34) | 1.08 (0.58, 2.02) | 0.73 (0.39, 1.38) | 0.89 (0.47, 1.69) | 1.15 (0.63, 2.12) | |
| Q3 | 1.47 (0.67, 3.20) | 0.79 (0.37, 1.67) | 0.64 (0.33, 1.22) | 0.49 (0.25, 0.95) | 0.73 (0.38, 1.40) | |
| Q4 | 1.11 (0.34, 3.46) | 0.64 (0.29, 1.41) | 0.48 (0.22, 1.06) | 0.42 (0.18, 1.00) | 0.76 (0.34, 1.69) | |
| P-trend | 0.85 | 0.19 | 0.065 | 0.024 | 0.33 | |
| Macrosomia, 7.1% | Q1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Q2 | 1.39 (0.78, 2.48) | 0.95 (0.53, 1.70) | 1.31 (0.75, 2.27) | 1.61 (0.83, 3.14) | 1.25 (0.63, 2.48) | |
| Q3 | 1.31 (0.66, 2.61) | 1.17 (0.65, 2.12) | 1.03 (0.57, 1.85) | 1.89 (1.02, 3.48) | 1.88 (0.98, 3.58) | |
| Q4 | 1.35 (0.46, 3.95) | 1.03 (0.52, 2.03) | 0.95 (0.50, 1.81) | 1.94 (0.96, 3.94) | 1.77 (0.88, 3.58) | |
| P-trend | 0.64 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.063 | 0.075 | |
All models are adjusted for age (y), height (cm), parity (0, 1, 2, 3, 4+), prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2), race (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander), marital status (not married, married, or living with partner), education (<high school, high school or equivalent, some college or associates degree, undergraduate degree, postgraduate degree), income (<30 k, 30 to <40 k, 40 to <50 k, 50 to <75 k, 75 to <100 k, ≥100 k), current job/student status (yes, no), insurance coverage (private/managed care, other), study site (Columbia University, New York Hospital - Queens, Christiana Care Health System, Saint Peter's University Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, University of Alabama, Northwestern University, Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, University of California - Irvine, Fountain Valley Hospital, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Tufts University), infant sex (female, male), total weekly physical activity [metabolic equivalent of task (MET) h/wk], and total daily energy intake (kcal/d). All outcomes, other than birthweight, were also adjusted for measurement date. *P values that remain significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate (FDR). AHEI-2010, Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010; aMED, alternative Mediterranean diet score; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; LBW, low birthweight; LGA, large-for-gestational age; NICHD, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; PCA, principal components analysis; Q, quartile; SGA, small-for-gestational age.
β estimates from linear regression.
ORs from logistic regression.