TABLE 3.
Associations of maternal diet patterns with neonatal anthropometry and preterm birth, NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons, 2009–20131
| PCA-derived patterns | A priori patterns | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β2 (95% CI) | β2 (95% CI) | |||||
| Continuous outcomes | PCA pattern 1 | PCA pattern 2 | AHEI-2010 | aMED | DASH | |
| Length, cm | Q1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Q2 | −0.34 (−0.70, 0.02) | −0.17 (−0.53, 0.20) | 0.20 (−0.17, 0.58) | 0.02 (−0.38, 0.42) | 0.11 (−0.22, 0.45) | |
| Q3 | −0.14 (−0.55, 0.29) | 0.12 (−0.31, 0.55) | 0.10 (−0.32, 0.51) | 0.45 (0.08, 0.83) | 0.36 (0.03, 0.69) | |
| Q4 | −0.43 (−1.09, 0.24) | 0.27 (−0.18, 0.71) | 0.51 (0.09, 0.92) | 0.54 (0.10, 0.99) | 0.62 (0.25, 0.99) | |
| P-trend | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.0059* | 0.0057* | |
| Upper arm length, cm | Q1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Q2 | 0.10 (−0.05, 0.25) | 0.05 (−0.10, 0.21) | 0.05 (−0.10, 0.19) | 0.12 (−0.05, 0.30) | 0.10 (−0.06, 0.26) | |
| Q3 | 0.07 (−0.11, 0.24) | 0.07 (−0.10, 0.24) | 0.04 (−0.10, 0.19) | 0.09 (−0.06, 0.24) | 0.25 (0.09, 0.41) | |
| Q4 | 0.14 (−0.12, 0.40) | 0.01 (−0.17, 0.18) | 0.14 (−0.02, 0.29) | 0.25 (0.06, 0.44) | 0.23 (0.06, 0.40) | |
| P-trend | 0.36 | 0.88 | 0.22 | 0.019* | 0.0032* | |
| Upper thigh length, cm | Q1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Q2 | 0.01 (−0.18, 0.19) | 0.04 (−0.14, 0.22) | −0.01 (−0.20, 0.17) | 0.02 (−0.18, 0.23) | −0.09 (−0.26, 0.08) | |
| Q3 | −0.09 (−0.29, 0.12) | 0.08 (−0.11, 0.27) | 0.05 (−0.15, 0.24) | 0.08 (−0.11, 0.27) | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.25) | |
| Q4 | −0.11 (−0.43, 0.20) | 0.11 (−0.10, 0.31) | 0.05 (−0.15, 0.26) | 0.13 (−0.10, 0.36) | 0.04 (−0.14, 0.23) | |
| P-trend | 0.43 | 0.34 | 0.56 | 0.23 | 0.80 | |
| Head circumference, cm | Q1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Q2 | −0.10 (−0.33, 0.14) | −0.06 (−0.30, 0.18) | 0.14 (−0.09, 0.36) | −0.06 (−0.31, 0.18) | −0.02 (−0.25, 0.21) | |
| Q3 | −0.22 (−0.47, 0.04) | 0.08 (−0.17, 0.33) | 0.09 (−0.15, 0.33) | 0.14 (−0.09, 0.36) | 0.14 (−0.09, 0.37) | |
| Q4 | −0.25 (−0.61, 0.12) | 0.12 (−0.14, 0.38) | 0.26 (0.01, 0.49) | 0.20 (−0.08, 0.48) | 0.26 (−0.004, 0.53) | |
| P-trend | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.0854 | 0.030 | |
| Abdominal circumference, cm | Q1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Q2 | −0.45 (−0.85, −0.05) | −0.16 (−0.55, 0.23) | 0.18 (−0.20, 0.56) | −0.02 (−0.47, 0.43) | −0.08 (−0.47, 0.31) | |
| Q3 | −0.42 (−0.86, 0.02) | 0.06 (−0.39, 0.50) | 0.20 (−0.19, 0.60) | 0.05 (−0.34, 0.45) | 0.07 (−0.31, 0.45) | |
| Q4 | −0.40 (−1.04, 0.24) | 0.04 (−0.42, 0.50) | 0.31 (−0.15, 0.77) | 0.27 (−0.27, 0.80) | 0.28 (−0.20, 0.76) | |
| P-trend | 0.30 | 0.64 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.21 | |
| Sum of skinfold, mm | Q1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Q2 | −0.43 (−1.15, 0.29) | −0.32 (−1.04, 0.40) | 0.25 (−0.42, 0.91) | −0.40 (−1.11, 0.31) | 0.18 (−0.52, 0.89) | |
| Q3 | −0.73 (−1.53, 0.08) | −0.02 (−0.82, 0.78) | 0.23 (−0.53, 0.99) | 0.15 (−0.50, 0.80) | 0.20 (−0.51, 0.91) | |
| Q4 | −0.93 (−2.14, 0.28) | 0.05 (−0.81, 0.91) | 0.51 (−0.27, 1.29) | 0.67 (−0.12, 1.46) | 0.35 (−0.48, 1.18) | |
| P-trend | 0.13 | 0.68 | 0.32 | 0.0498 | 0.42 | |
| OR3 (95% CI) | OR3 (95% CI) | |||||
| Categorical outcomes, % | PCA pattern 1 | PCA pattern 2 | AHEI-2010 | aMED | DASH | |
| Preterm birth, 6.2% | Q1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Q2 | 1.31 (0.69, 2.51) | 0.95 (0.52, 1.74) | 0.96 (0.52, 1.80) | 0.69 (0.37, 1.28) | 0.67 (0.36, 1.24) | |
| Q3 | 1.57 (0.75, 3.27) | 0.87 (0.44, 1.72) | 0.92 (0.48, 1.75) | 0.61 (0.35, 1.05) | 0.76 (0.44, 1.33) | |
| Q4 | 1.60 (0.55, 4.65) | 0.76 (0.35, 1.61) | 0.66 (0.32, 1.36) | 0.49 (0.23, 1.05) | 0.52 (0.26, 1.05) | |
| P-trend | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.058 | 0.093 | |
All models are adjusted for age (y), height (cm), parity (0, 1, 2, 3, 4+), prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2), race (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander), marital status (not married, married, or living with partner), education (<high school, high school or equivalent, some college or associates degree, undergraduate degree, postgraduate degree), income (<30 k, 30 to <40 k, 40 to <50 k, 50 to <75 k, 75 to <100 k, ≥100 k), current job/student status (yes, no), insurance coverage (private/managed care, other), study site (Columbia University, New York Hospital - Queens, Christiana Care Health System, Saint Peter's University Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, University of Alabama, Northwestern University, Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, University of California - Irvine, Fountain Valley Hospital, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Tufts University), infant sex (female, male), total weekly physical activity [metabolic equivalent of task (MET) h/wk], and total daily energy intake (kcal/d). *P values that remain significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate (FDR). AHEI-2010, Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010; aMED, alternative Mediterranean diet score; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; NICHD, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; PCA, principal components analysis; Q, Quartile.
β estimates from linear regression.
ORs from logistic regression.