TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population1
| Total flavonoid intake quintiles | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total population n = 55,169 | Q1 n = 11,034 | Q2 n = 11,034 | Q3 n = 11,033 | Q4 n = 11,034 | Q5 n = 11,034 | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Total flavonoid intake (mg/d) | 496 [287–805] | 174 [127–213] | 321 [287–357] | 496 [443–549] | 727 [660–805] | 1201 [1025–1435] |
| Sex (male) | 26,141 (47.4) | 6339 (57.4) | 5641 (51.1) | 5236 (47.5) | 4892 (44.3) | 4033 (36.6) |
| Age (y) | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 55 [52–59] |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 [23.3–28.2] | 26.1 [23.8–28.8] | 25.9 [23.6–28.5] | 25.6 [23.3–28.2] | 25.3 [23.2–27.9] | 24.9 [22.7–27.4] |
| MET score | 56.5 [37.0–84.8] | 51.0 [32.3–78.0] | 55.5 [36.3–84.0] | 57.5 [38.5–85.0] | 58.5 [38.5–87.0] | 60.0 [40.0–88.5] |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 19,504 (35.4) | 2732 (24.8) | 3711 (33.6) | 3956 (35.9) | 4411 (40.0) | 4694 (42.5) |
| Former | 15,848 (28.7) | 2636 (23.9) | 2983 (27.0) | 3204 (29.0) | 3533 (32.0) | 3492 (31.6) |
| Current | 19,817 (35.9) | 5666 (51.4) | 4340 (39.3) | 3873 (35.1) | 3090 (28.0) | 2848 (25.8) |
| Education | ||||||
| ≤7 y | 18,082 (32.8) | 5034 (45.6) | 4187 (37.9) | 3515 (31.9) | 2966 (26.9) | 2380 (21.6) |
| 8–10 y | 25,454 (46.1) | 4817 (43.7) | 5193 (47.1) | 5289 (47.9) | 5225 (47.4) | 4930 (44.7) |
| ≥11 y | 11,609 (21.0) | 1177 (10.7) | 1651 (15.0) | 2225 (20.2) | 2838 (25.7) | 3718 (33.7) |
| Mean household income2 | ||||||
| ≤394,700 DKK/y | 13,583 (24.6) | 3257 (29.5) | 2692 (24.4) | 2644 (24.0) | 2516 (22.8) | 2474 (22.4) |
| 394,701–570,930 DKK/y | 13,768 (25.0) | 3200 (29.0) | 2956 (26.8) | 2673 (24.2) | 2554 (23.1) | 2385 (21.6) |
| 570,931–758,297 DKK/y | 13,870 (25.1) | 2901 (26.3) | 2988 (27.1) | 2857 (25.9) | 2591 (23.5) | 2533 (23.0) |
| >758,297 DKK/y | 13,948 (25.3) | 1676 (15.2) | 2398 (21.7) | 2859 (25.9) | 3373 (30.6) | 3642 (33.0) |
| Hypertensive | 8772 (15.9) | 1734 (15.7) | 1792 (16.2) | 1781 (16.1) | 1757 (15.9) | 1708 (15.5) |
| Hypercholesterolemic | 3988 (7.2) | 856 (7.8) | 793 (7.2) | 810 (7.3) | 829 (7.5) | 700 (6.3) |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes | 1109 (2.0) | 266 (2.4) | 207 (1.9) | 231 (2.1) | 209 (1.9) | 196 (1.8) |
| Heart failure | 194 (0.4) | 44 (0.4) | 51 (0.5) | 33 (0.3) | 37 (0.3) | 29 (0.3) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2043 (3.7) | 532 (4.8) | 405 (3.7) | 410 (3.7) | 365 (3.3) | 331 (3.0) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 354 (0.6) | 122 (1.1) | 84 (0.8) | 58 (0.5) | 41 (0.4) | 49 (0.4) |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 780 (1.4) | 181 (1.6) | 152 (1.4) | 163 (1.5) | 151 (1.4) | 133 (1.2) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 256 (0.5) | 48 (0.4) | 56 (0.5) | 51 (0.5) | 45 (0.4) | 56 (0.5) |
| COPD | 833 (1.5) | 215 (1.9) | 182 (1.6) | 152 (1.4) | 153 (1.4) | 131 (1.2) |
| CKD | 194 (0.4) | 43 (0.4) | 32 (0.3) | 41 (0.4) | 41 (0.4) | 37 (0.3) |
| Medication use | ||||||
| Insulin treated | 364 (0.7) | 77 (0.7) | 63 (0.6) | 79 (0.7) | 79 (0.7) | 66 (0.6) |
| Antihypertensive | 6592 (11.9) | 1294 (11.7) | 1369 (12.4) | 1339 (12.1) | 1310 (11.9) | 1280 (11.6) |
| Statin | 972 (1.8) | 229 (2.1) | 196 (1.8) | 199 (1.8) | 198 (1.8) | 150 (1.4) |
| HRT | ||||||
| Never | 15,769 (28.6) | 2587 (23.4) | 3002 (27.2) | 3224 (29.2) | 3230 (29.3) | 3726 (33.8) |
| Current | 8743 (15.8) | 1288 (11.7) | 1552 (14.1) | 1684 (15.3) | 1981 (18.0) | 2238 (20.3) |
| Former | 4484 (8.1) | 811 (7.4) | 835 (7.6) | 882 (8.0) | 925 (8.4) | 1031 (9.3) |
| NSAID | 17,766 (32.4) | 3439 (31.4) | 3454 (31.5) | 3572 (32.6) | 3558 (32.4) | 3743 (34.1) |
| Aspirin | 6873 (12.5) | 1336 (12.1) | 1325 (12.0) | 1397 (12.7) | 1348 (12.2) | 1467 (13.3) |
| Dietary characteristics | ||||||
| Energy (kj) | 9501 [7857–11,370] | 8615 [7032–10,396] | 9262 [7715–11,009] | 9750 [8133–11,585] | 9935 [8319–11,824] | 9931 [8260–11,887] |
| Total fish intake (g/d) | 38 [25–55] | 33 [22–49] | 38 [25–54] | 39 [27–57] | 41 [28–59] | 40 [27–57] |
| Red meat intake (g/d) | 78 [56–107] | 80 [58–108] | 81 [59–110] | 80 [58–110] | 78 [57–107] | 72 [52–99] |
| Processed meat intake (g/d) | 25 [14–40] | 28 [17–45] | 26 [15–42] | 25 [14–40] | 23 [14–38] | 20 [11–34] |
| Dietary fiber intake (g/d) | 20 [16–25] | 17 [13–20] | 19 [16–23] | 21 [17–25] | 22 [18–27] | 23 [19–29] |
| Saturated FA (g/d) | 31 [24–39] | 29 [23–37] | 31 [24–39] | 32 [24–40] | 32 [25–41] | 32 [24–41] |
| Polyunsaturated FA (g/d) | 13 [10–17] | 12 [9–16] | 13 [10–17] | 14 [10–18] | 14 [11–18] | 14 [10–18] |
| Monounsaturated FA (g/d) | 27 [21–35] | 26 [20–34] | 27 [21–35] | 28 [22–35] | 28 [22–35] | 27 [21–34] |
| Fruit intake (g/d) | 172 [95–281] | 87 [44–141] | 161 [98–238] | 194 [114–301] | 224 [139–360] | 240 [141–389] |
| Vegetable intake (g/d) | 162 [105–231] | 114 [71–170] | 150 [100–212] | 168 [113–235] | 185 [127–253] | 196 [135–272] |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 13 [6–31] | 11 [3–23] | 13 [6–25] | 15 [6–34] | 14 [7–32] | 13 [6–32] |
1
Data expressed as median [IQR] or n (%), unless otherwise stated. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DKK, Danish krone; FA, fatty acids; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; MET, metabolic equivalent; NSAID, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
2
The categories of household income in United States dollar (USD) equivalents are approximately ≤61,985/y; 61,986–89,661/y; 89,662–119,086/y; >119,087/y.