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Invasion-metastasis cascade. Primary tumors have a complex tumor microenvironment (e.g., immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, the extracellular matrix) that plays a dynamic role in affecting tumor cell dissemination and how tumor cells intravasate into the vasculature (1), disseminate through the circulatory system (2), extravasate out of the vasculature (3), and colonize distant organs (4).
