Table 2.
Multivariable Analysis of Risk Factors for Meningococcal Carriage Among First-year University Students at Registration (Survey 1): South Africa, 2017
| Univariate Analysis |
Multivariable Analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | All, N | Meningococcal Carriers, n (%) |
OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P |
| Number of students | 2120 | 98 (4.6) | … | … | ||
| University | ||||||
| Witwatersrand | 1219 | 34 (2.8) | Ref | … | ||
| Cape Town | 901 | 64 (7.1) | 2.7 (1.7–4.1) | … | ||
| Home province | ||||||
| Eastern Cape | 117 | 7 (6.0) | 1.9 (.8–4.5) | .125 | 1.9 (.8–4.5) | .178 |
| Free State | 51 | 3 (5.9) | 1.9 (.6–6.5) | .301 | 1.8 (.5–6.5) | .344 |
| Gauteng | 914 | 29 (3.2) | Ref | Ref | ||
| KwaZulu-Natal | 179 | 15 (8.4) | 2.8 (1.5–5.3) | .002 | 2.1 (1.1–4.2) | .032 |
| Limpopo | 183 | 1 (0.6) | 0.2 (.1–1.2) | .080 | 0.2 (.1–1.3) | .094 |
| Mpumalanga | 90 | 3 (3.3) | 1.1 (.3–3.5) | .934 | 1.1 (.3–3.6) | .951 |
| Northern Cape | 26 | 1 (3.9) | 1.2 (.2–9.3) | .848 | 1.1 (.1–7.9) | .991 |
| North West | 54 | 0 (0) | … | … | ||
| Western Cape | 410 | 37 (9.0) | 3.0 (1.8–5.0) | <.001 | 2.7 (1.6–4.5) | <.001 |
| Outside South Africa | 96 | 2 (2.1) | 0.7 (.2–2.8) | .559 | 0.7 (.2–3.0) | .606 |
| Median age, years | 18.5 | 18.53 | … | .451 | … | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 868 | 50 (5.8) | 1.5 (1.1–2.3) | .039 | 1.5 (.9–2.3) | .067 |
| Female | 1252 | 48 (3.8) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Living arrangements | ||||||
| House/apartment, with family | 1116 | 40 (3.6) | Ref | Ref | ||
| House/apartment, with other students | 404 | 23 (5.7) | 1.6 (.9–2.8) | .071 | 2.1 (1.2–3.9) | .012 |
| University residence/hostel/dormitory | 600 | 35 (5.8) | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | .031 | 2.0 (1.2–3.4) | .007 |
| Shares a room | ||||||
| No | 1268 | 65 (5.1) | Ref | … | ||
| Yes | 852 | 33 (3.9) | 0.8 (.5–1.1) | .179 | … | |
| Current cigarette smokera | ||||||
| No | 1539 | 52 (3.4) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 581 | 46 (7.9) | 2.5 (1.6–3.7) | <.001 | 1.2 (.7–1.9) | .533 |
| Smoke exposurea | ||||||
| No | 741 | 20 (2.7) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1379 | 78 (5.7) | 2.2 (1.3–3.6) | .002 | 1.3 (.7–2.2) | .385 |
| Nightclub attendanceb | ||||||
| No | 1714 | 56 (3.3) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 406 | 42 (10.3) | 3.4 (2.3–5.2) | <.001 | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) | .018 |
| Pub/bar attendanceb | ||||||
| No | 1646 | 58 (3.5) | Ref | … | ||
| Yes | 474 | 40 (8.4) | 2.5 (1.7–3.8) | <.001 | … | |
| Party attendanceb | ||||||
| No | 1502 | 55 (3.7) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 618 | 43 (7.0) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | .001 | 0.8 (.5–1.3) | .375 |
| Intimate kissingb | ||||||
| No | 1260 | 29 (2.3) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 860 | 69 (8.0) | 3.7 (2.4–5.8) | <.001 | 2.8 (1.8–4.5) | <.001 |
| Recent upper respiratory tract infectiona | ||||||
| No | 1215 | 61 (5.0) | Ref | … | ||
| Yes | 779 | 32 (4.1) | 0.8 (.5–1.3) | .346 | … | |
| Antibiotic usea | ||||||
| No | 1651 | 86 (5.2) | Ref | … | ||
| Yes | 359 | 10 (2.8) | 0.5 (.3–1.1) | .055 | … | |
| HIV | ||||||
| Uninfected | 1968 | 90 (4.6) | … | … | ||
| Infected | 16 | 0 (0) | … | .747 | … | |
| Received a meningococcal vaccine | ||||||
| No | 1492 | 57 (3.8) | Ref | … | ||
| Yes | 83 | 6 (7.2) | 2.0 (.8–4.7) | .130 | … | |
| Chronic lung disease | ||||||
| No | 2012 | 93 (4.6) | … | … | ||
| Yes | 108 | 5 (4.6) | 1.0 (.4–2.5) | .997 | … | |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 1744 | 80 (4.6) | … | … | ||
| Yes | 9 | 0 (0) | … | .954 | … |
N = 2120.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference.
aIn the previous month.
bIn the previous 2 weeks.