Table 1.
Summary of included quantitative studies
| First author (year) | Study type | Population | Location | Length of stay (µ ± SD) | Individual factors | Familial factors | Community factors | Institutions and policy factors | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Age (µ ± SD) | Sample size | Social factors | Physical factors | |||||||
| Aitcheson (2017) | CSS | Palestinian adolescents in refugee camps | 17–19 (µ = 17.4) | 335 | Gaza, Palestine | Age, optimism, ethnic identity, self‐regulation, coping skills | Family coherence | ||||
| Afifi (2019) | CSS | Palestinian adolescents residing in two refugee camps | 11–21 | 185 | Beirut, Lebanon | Personal uncertainty | Interparental conflict, communal coping | ||||
| Akiyama (2013) | CSS | Burmese adolescent students living in boarding houses | 12–18 (µ = 16) | 428 | Tak province, Thailand | Gender, No of traumatic events | Parental depression, parenting style, poverty, family functioning | Discrimination from peers and adults | Time in Thailand | ||
| Beiser (2015) | CSS | Immigrant children and refugees | 11–13 | 2,074 | Six Canadian cities | Age, gender, instrumental competence, social competence, cultural distance, acculturation strategies, resettlement stress | Time in Canada | ||||
| Beiser (2016) | CSS | Refugee youth | 11–13 | 326‐immigrants, 152‐refugees | Six major urban areas in Canada | ≤10 y | Gender, ethnicity, feel welcomed at school, predisplacement human and social capital | Depression, mother report of premigration trauma, poverty | |||
| Bryant (2018) | CS | Refugees admitted to 11 sites in Australia | Caregiver 25–45, children 5–18 | Caregivers 394, children 639 | 11 sites across Australia | Trauma history, postmigration difficulties, greater PTSD, harsh parenting | |||||
| Buchegger‐Traxler (2012) | CSS | Austrian adolescents and migrant adolescents | 14–19 | 1100 | Vienna & Linz, Austria | ~10 y | Age, gender, exposure to violence, religion, neighbourhood attachment, social distance | Intergenerational conflict, parental monitoring, family connectedness | Peer support, school connectedness | ||
| Çeri (2018) | CSS | Syrian refugee minors | 7–17 | 85 | Hatay, Turkey | (29.8 m ± 11.2 m) | Age, gender, No of traumatic events, having a parent with maltreatment/ torture history, not feeling satisfied with resettlement, having a familiar person left behind, witnessing insult/others killed, seeing corpses | Less educated fathers | |||
| Clukay (2019) | CSS | Syrian refugees | 12–18 | 399 | Irbid, Jarash, Mafraq, Zarqa, Jordan | Gender, MAOA‐L genetic variant, resilience | |||||
| Correa‐Velez (2010) | CSS | Refugee youth | 12–18 | 97 | Melbourne, Australia | Age, gender, country of birth, subjective social status | Living with parents | Peer attachment, peer bulling, discrimination | Time | ||
| Eruyar (2018) | CSS | Syrian refugee children | 8–18 (11.6 ± 1.86) | 263 | Istanbul, Turkey | 0 m–6 y (2.09 y ± 1.01 y) | Age, gender, exposure to trauma | Parental psychopathology, parenting‐related stress | |||
| Eruyar (2020) | CSS | Syrian refugee minors | 8–17 (11.6 ± 1.81) | 322 | Istanbul, Turkey | Age, gender | Insecure attachment, negative parenting style, secure parental and maternal attachment, parenting styles | ||||
| Hanes (2019) | CSS | Asylum seekers | (6 ± 4.72) | 110 | Western Australia | Family separation | Lack of service access, prolonged detention, interrupted education | ||||
| Hirani (2018) | CSS | Unaccompanied refugee minors | 15–18 (16.95 ± 0.82) | 41 | Austria | Feelings of anger, ongoing anxiety | |||||
| Khamis (2019) | CSS | Syrian refugee children and adolescents | 7–18 (11.30 ± 2.65) | 1,000 (500 from Lebanon, 500 from Jordan) | Lebanon, Jordan | 1–72 m (48.6 ± 15.6) | Age, gender, No of war atrocities, coping styles | Family expressiveness | School context | Type of host country | Time |
| Khan (2019) | CSS | Rohingya children | 0–16 (7.4 ± 3.6) | 662 | Myanmar, Bangladesh | Parentless | Family member killed/died, type of housing, parental education | ||||
| Jani (2016) | CSS | Unaccompanied immigrant youth | 9–18 (µ = 15.5) | 138 | United States | 1.03–44.2 m (µ = 10.43 m) | No of experienced abuses in their home countries | ||||
| Jensen (2014) | CS | Unaccompanied refugee children | arrived <15 y. (16.5 ± 1.6) | 75 | Norway | T1 6 m + T2 1.9 y (0.9–2.8 y) | Age, gender, length of stay, length of education | ||||
| Karam (2019) | CSS | War‐exposed Syrian refugee children and adolescents | 7–17 (11.9 ± 1.6) | 549 | Lebanon | 2/3 <5 y, 1/3>5 y | Age, gender, childhood adversities, war exposure, sensitivity | ||||
| Longobardi (2017) | CSS | Unaccompanied minors from Egypt, Albania, Senegal, Bangladesh, Gambia, Morocco and Mali | 16–17 | 19 | Italy | Multiple traumas, religion | Separation from parents | Peer issues | |||
| Mace (2014) | RS | Resettled refugee children | 4–18 (9.58 ± 3.43) | 332 | Western Australia | (6.63 ± 5.09 m) | Symptoms of distress, PTSD, depression, primary nocturnal enuresis, poor appetite, symptoms of nightmares, separation anxiety, aggressive behaviour | Family separation, single parent (mother) as guardian | Incorrectly documented, multiple migration experiences, mandatory detention, residing in community detention | ||
| Lincoln (2016) | CSS | Young refugees from Somalia | 11–20 (15.39 ± 2.2) | 135 | 3 New England cities, United States | 1–14 y (5.40 ± 3.32) | Age, No of traumas, higher severity of acculturation hassles, acculturation style | Time in the US | |||
| Mels (2010) | CSS | War‐affected Eastern Congolese adolescents | 13–21 | 819 | Ituri district, the Democratic Republic of Congo | Age, gender, traumatic exposure, daily stressors, IDP status | Death of mother and death of father, death of father had an effect on externalizing symptoms | ||||
| Montgomery (2010) | LS | Young refugees from the Middle East | 11–23 (µ = 15.3) | 131 | Denmark | 8–9 y | No of traumatic exposures, No of types of stressful events after arrival | Length of father’s education in the home country, ‘speaks frequently with mother about problems’ | Young refugee attending school or work | Time | |
| Nasıroğlu (2018) | CSS | Children and adolescents living in a refugee camp in Turkey | 6–17 (11.05 ± 3.11) | 136 | Beşiri district, Batman, Turkey | Age, witnessing war and violence, suffered from violence in Iraq, witnessing a gunfight, people getting injured during migration | Parents with psychiatric illness history | Time in the camp | |||
| Oppedal (2012) | CSS | Unaccompanied minor asylum seekers | 13–27 (18.9 ± 2.64) | 566 | Norway | (µ = 3.7 y) | Age, gender, in‐group competence, in‐group hassles, outgroup competence, outgroup hassles | Time | |||
| Oppedal (2015) | CSS | Unaccompanied minors resettled in Norway | (18.6 ± 2.51) | 895 | Norway | (3.45 y ± 2.28 y) | Culture competence | Social support from the family | Peer networks | ||
| Oppedal (2018) | CSS | Syrian refugee children living in camp in Turkey | µ = 12.5 | 285 | Turkey | Just over 5 m in the refugee camp | Gender, accumulation of traumatic events | Changes in family | Social support | ||
| Panter‐Brick (2015) | LS | Afghan youth | 11–16 (13.23 ± 1.55) | 331 | Kabul, Afghanistan and the Afghan refugee camps in Peshawar, Pakistan | One‐year follow‐up | Gender, lifetime trauma exposures | Family level domestic violence, mother literacy, poverty, father literacy, illiterate mother, a caregiver with improving mental health | Neighbourhood interactions | Live in Peshawar refugee camps | |
| Patel (2017) | CSS | War‐exposed newcomer adolescents | 9–12 grades | 184 | United States | 0–8 y (µ = 3.5 y) | Exposure to war, daily/acculturative life stressors | ||||
| Sangalang (2017) | LS | Southeast Asian refugee mothers and their children | Mothers (42 ± 7.6),children (12 ± 1.1) | 327 | United States | (13.6 ± 5.31) | Ethnicity, nativity | Maternal traumatic distress, family functioning | |||
| Sapmaz (2017) | CSS | Children and their families (Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran) | 5–18 (9.96 ± 3.98) | 89 | Turkey | (22.1 m ± 13 m) | Age, witnessing a dead or injured individual, positive history of a psychiatric disorder in the child | Father’s educational level, father’s employment status, positive history in the family for a psychiatric disorder | Homeless, hunger | ||
| Sim (2018) | CSS | Syrian refugee mothers |
Mothers (31.8 ± 8.18), children 2–12 (7.44 ± 3.23) |
291 | Lebanon | Exposure to daily stressors | Mothers’ general psychological distress, post‐traumatic stress, negative parenting | ||||
| Sleijpen (2016) | LS | Adolescent refugees and asylum seekers | 12–17 (14.5 ± 1.8) | 111 | The Netherlands | (µ >3 y) | Perceived level of social support, dispositional optimism, refugee status | ||||
| Van Ee (2012) | CSS | Asylum‐seeker, refugee mothers and their children | Mothers 19–44 (29.5 ± 6.2), children: 16–46 m (26.6 m ± 8.3 m) | 49 | The Netherlands | Asylum seekers (2.7 y ± 1.1 y); refugee (8.1 y ± 4.8 y) | Maternal post‐traumatic stress symptoms, maternal emotional availability within mother–child interaction | ||||
| Van Ee (2013) | CSS | Refugee and asylum‐seeking families | Fathers µ = 35.6, mothers µ = 29.6, children µ = 27.14 m | 80 | The Netherlands | (8.64 y ± 5.22 y) | Father–child relationship | ||||
| Veronese (2017) | CSS | Palestinian children living in refugee camps | 6–11 (8.8 ± 1.42) | 1,276 | The Gaza Strip – Bureij, Gaza Beach Camp, Jabalia, Rafah | Age, gender, negative emotions, subjective well‐being | |||||
| Veronese (2012) | CSS | Palestinian children | 9–11 (10.8 ± 1.9) | 216 | Tulkarem Region, the West Bank | Pessimism, gender , age, optimism, life satisfaction, perceived happiness | |||||
| Vervliet (2014) | LS | Unaccompanied refugee minors | 14–17 (15.9 ± 0.85) | 103 | Belgium | T1‐arrival, T2–6 m, T3–18 m | No of daily stressors, No of traumatic experiences, gender | Time | |||
| Völkl‐Kernstock (2014) | CSS | Unaccompanied refugee minors from Africa | 15–18, (16.95 ± 0.82) | 41 | Austria | Gender, frequencies of trauma exposure, feelings of danger and revenge, coping strategies | |||||
| Zwi (2018) | LS | Newly arrived refugee children | 4–15 | 43 | Australia | T1‐year 2 (µ = 11 m; 5–24 m), T2 year 3 (µ = 31 m, 21–40 m) | No of stressful events, fewer stressful life events in the previous year, number of protective factors, proximity to one’s own ethnic community, having relatives in Australia prior to arrival | Originated from Eastern Mediterranean region, absent fathers, originated from Africa, father present on arrival, settlement factors | Support from the general community | Time | |
CSS, cross sectional study; LS, longitudinal study; RS, retrospective study
[Correction made on 11 December 2020, after first online publication: The alignment errors and data inconsistencies in Table 1 have been corrected in this version.]