Table 1.
Thirty‐day prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB), total, and stratified by individual characteristics (n = 5164)
| Any STB (n = 395) | Passive ideation only (n = 243) | Active ideation without plan or attempt (n = 41) | Active ideation with plan or attempt (n = 111) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | |
| Total | 8.4 (0.8) | 4.9 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.2) | 2.7 (0.3) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| 50 years or more | 1730 | 37.0 (2.1) | 7.6 (0.6) | 4.7 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.0) | 2.9 (0.5) |
| 30–49 years | 2553 | 47.7 (1.1) | 7.5 (1.1) | 4.3 (0.6) | 1.0 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.3) |
| 18–29 years | 881 | 15.3 (1.6) | 12.7 (1.8) | 7.2 (1.3) | 2.1 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.6) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(2) = 12.59, p = .002* | R–S χ 2(2) = 8.63, p = .013* | F‐E p < .001* | R–S χ 2(2) = 2.66, p = .265 | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 992 | 22.7 (1.3) | 8.5 (1.0) | 3.1 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.5) | 4.1 (0.5) |
| Female | 4172 | 77.3 (1.3) | 8.3 (0.8) | 5.4 (0.6) | 0.7 (0.1) | 2.2 (0.3) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(1) = 0.11, p = .738 | R–S χ 2(1) = 10.73, p = .001* | F‐E p = .425 | R–S χ 2(1) = 10.82, p = .001* | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single, divorced, or legally separated, or widowed | 2753 | 52.1 (2.0) | 10.7 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.0) | 1.3 (0.3) | 3.3 (0.4) |
| Married | 2411 | 47.9 (2.0) | 5.8 (0.3) | 3.6 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.5) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(1) = 21.46, p < .001* | R–S χ 2(1) = 4.71, p = .030* | F‐E p < .001* | R–S χ 2(1) = 4.25, p = .039* | ||
| Having children in care | ||||||
| Children in care | 1974 | 38.7 (0.8) | 5.8 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.1) | 2.0 (0.5) |
| No children in care | 3190 | 61.3 (0.8) | 10.0 (1.0) | 5.8 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.2) | 3.1 (0.4) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(1) = 15.79, p < .001* | R–S χ 2(1) = 10.20, p = .001* | F‐E p = .002* | R–S χ 2(1) = 2.57, p = .109 | ||
| Lifetime mental disorders before onset COVID‐19 outbreak | ||||||
| Lifetime mood disorder | 568 | 12.1 (0.7) | 22.3 (1.8) | 9.9 (1.9) | 2.8 (0.6) | 9.6 (1.3) |
| No lifetime mood disorder | 4596 | 87.9 (0.7) | 6.4 (0.6) | 4.2 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.1) | 1.7 (0.2) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(1) = 71.74, p < .001* | R–S χ 2(1) = 9.67, p = .002* | R–S χ 2(1) = 15.41, p < .001* | R–S χ 2(1) = 29.57, p < .001* | ||
| Lifetime anxiety disorder | 1893 | 37.9 (1.1) | 13.5 (1.3) | 7.2 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.4) | 4.8 (0.5) |
| No lifetime anxiety disorder | 3271 | 62.1 (1.1) | 5.2 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.3) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(1) = 50.69, p < .001* | R–S χ 2(1) = 31.63, p < .001* | R–S χ 2(1) = 9.38, p = .002* | R–S χ 2(1) = 25.02, p < .001* | ||
| Lifetime substance use disorder | 67 | 1.4 (0.2) | 9.6 (3.8) | 1.5 (1.4) | 0.0 (0.0) | 8.1 (3.0) |
| No lifetime substance use disorder | 5097 | 98.6 (0.2) | 8.3 (0.8) | 4.9 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.2) | 2.6 (0.3) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | F‐E p = .353 | F‐E p = .375 | – | F‐E p = .003* | ||
| Other lifetime mental disorder | 135 | 2.4 (0.3) | 15.1 (3.4) | 5.2 (2.2) | 0.5 (0.5) | 9.5 (3.1) |
| No other lifetime mental disorder | 5029 | 97.6 (0.3) | 8.2 (0.8) | 4.9 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.2) | 2.5 (0.3) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(1) = 3.22, p = .073 | R–S χ 2(1) = 0.02, p = .899 | F‐E p = 1.000 | R–S χ 2(1) = 4.22, p = .040* | ||
| Number of lifetime mental disorders | ||||||
| Two or more | 454 | 9.9 (0.8) | 25.1 (1.6) | 10.8 (2.3) | 3.2 (0.7) | 11.2 (2.1) |
| Exactly one | 1710 | 33.1 (1.1) | 9.2 (0.9) | 5.5 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.2) | 2.8 (0.4) |
| Zero | 3000 | 57.0 (1.2) | 4.9 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.3) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(2) = 118.39, p < .001* | R–S χ 2(2) = 16.09, p < .001* | R–S χ 2 (2) = 23.76, p < .001* | R–S χ 2(2) = 32.86, p < .001* | ||
| Profession | ||||||
| Medical doctor | 1372 | 20.8 (0.4) | 7.2 (1.7) | 4.0 (1.0) | 1.0 (0.4) | 2.2 (0.5) |
| Nurse | 1635 | 30.6 (0.6) | 8.3 (1.0) | 5.2 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.2) | 2.2 (0.5) |
| Auxiliary nurse | 681 | 18.8 (1.6) | 10.9 (1.8) | 5.9 (1.3) | 1.5 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.7) |
| Other profession involved in patient care | 568 | 12.8 (0.7) | 7.3 (0.9) | 3.6 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.3) | 3.3 (0.7) |
| Other profession not involved in patient care | 908 | 17.0 (1.6) | 7.9 (1.2) | 5.2 (1.0) | 0.2 (0.1) | 2.5 (0.6) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(4) = 5.48, p = .241 | R–S χ 2(4) = 4.16, p = .385 | F‐E p = .083 | R–S χ 2(4) = 4.20, p = .380 | ||
| Frequency of direct exposure to COVID‐19 patients | ||||||
| All of the time | 1478 | 29.3 (2.6) | 10.4 (0.7) | 6.6 (0.6) | 1.1 (0.3) | 2.6 (0.5) |
| Most of the time | 918 | 18.1 (1.0) | 9.8 (2.0) | 5.6 (1.5) | 1.0 (0.3) | 3.2 (0.5) |
| Some of the time | 1351 | 26.3 (1.3) | 7.9 (1.2) | 4.0 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.6) |
| A little of the time | 707 | 13.6 (0.8) | 5.9 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | 2.0 (0.7) |
| None of the time | 710 | 12.8 (2.1) | 5.3 (0.7) | 3.0 (0.9) | 0.1 (0.1) | 2.3 (0.5) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(4) = 13.38, p = .010* | R–S χ 2(4) = 10.86, p = .028* | F‐E p = .072 | F‐E p = .363 | ||
| Changes at work | ||||||
| Changed to specific COVID‐19‐related work location | 1679 | 31.9 (2.2) | 10.7 (1.1) | 6.6 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.2) | 2.7 (0.4) |
| Changed of team or assigned functionsb | 1316 | 25.5 (1.0) | 8.5 (1.2) | 4.9 (1.0) | 0.7 (0.2) | 2.9 (0.4) |
| No changes in assigned functions, team, or work location | 2169 | 42.6 (1.6) | 6.5 (0.6) | 3.6 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.2) | 2.5 (0.4) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(2) = 19.86, p < .001* | R–S χ 2(2) = 11.82, p = .003* | F‐E p < .001* | R–S χ 2(2) = 0.74, p = .692 | ||
| Frequency of working at home | ||||||
| Always | 195 | 2.5 (0.8) | 3.3 (1.0) | 1.9 (0.8) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.8) |
| Almost always | 158 | 2.3 (0.6) | 5.3 (2.1) | 3.8 (1.8) | 1.1 (1.2) | 0.5 (0.5) |
| Often | 266 | 4.6 (0.6) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.0 (1.0) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.2) |
| Sometimes | 452 | 8.1 (1.1) | 7.0 (1.3) | 2.6 (0.7) | 0.9 (0.5) | 3.5 (0.9) |
| Seldom | 471 | 8.3 (0.7) | 7.4 (1.7) | 3.5 (0.6) | 1.0 (0.5) | 2.9 (1.3) |
| Never | 3622 | 74.2 (2.9) | 9.2 (1.0) | 5.6 (0.6) | 0.8 (0.2) | 2.8 (0.4) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(5) = 20.13, p = .001*, a | R–S χ 2(5) = 28.61, p < .001*, a | R–S χ 2(4) = 1.31, p = .859a | R–S χ 2(5) = 9.36, p = .095a | ||
| COVID‐19 infection history | ||||||
| Having been hospitalized for COVID‐19 | 55 | 1.3 (0.2) | 12.6 (4.8) | 4.5 (2.4) | 0.0 (0.0) | 8.1 (4.6) |
| Positive COVID‐19 test or medical COVID‐19 diagnosisc | 845 | 16.6 (2.0) | 10.0 (2.6) | 5.9 (1.8) | 1.0 (0.5) | 3.2 (0.6) |
| None of the above | 4264 | 82.0 (2.2) | 7.9 (0.6) | 4.7 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.2) | 2.5 (0.3) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | F‐E p = .058 | F‐E p = .556 | F‐E p = .789 | F‐E p = .004* | ||
| Isolation or quarantine because of COVID‐19 | ||||||
| Having been isolated or quarantined | 1258 | 23.3 (1.3) | 8.7 (1.7) | 4.6 (1.0) | 1.1 (0.4) | 2.9 (0.5) |
| Not having been isolated or quarantined | 3906 | 76.7 (1.3) | 8.3 (0.6) | 5.0 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.1) | 2.6 (0.2) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(1) = 0.08, p = .782 | R–S χ 2(1) = 0.13, p = .722 | F‐E p = .856 | R–S χ 2(1) = 0.44, p = .509 | ||
| Close ones infected with COVID‐19 | ||||||
| Partner, children, or parents | 730 | 14.4 (2.0) | 9.5 (1.9) | 5.5 (1.5) | 0.5 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.7) |
| Other family, friends, or othersd | 3175 | 60.3 (1.3) | 8.5 (0.7) | 4.8 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.2) | 2.8 (0.4) |
| None of the above | 1259 | 25.3 (1.9) | 7.3 (0.7) | 4.6 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.3) |
| Modified Rao–Scott (R–S) χ 2 test or Fisher‐Exact (F‐E) test | R–S χ 2(2) = 2.59, p = .273 | R–S χ 2(2) = 0.53, p = .766 | F‐E p = .273 | R–S χ 2(2) = 3.91, p = .141 |
Abbreviation: COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019.
*
Statistically significant (α = .05).
a Fisher‐Exact test could not be estimated due to computational limitations; the modified Rao–Scott χ 2 test is shown.
b
The category “changed of team or assigned functions” excludes those that changed to a specific COVID‐19‐related work location.
c
The category “positive COVID‐19 test or medical COVID‐19 diagnosis” excludes those having been hospitalized for COVID‐19.
d
The category “other family, friends, or others” excludes having a partner, children, or parents infected with COVID‐19.