Table 2.
Multivariable associations between 30‐day suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) and individual characteristics (n = 5164)
| % (SE) or Med (SE) (IQR) | Any STB (n = 395) | Passive ideation only (n = 243) | Active ideation without plan or attempt (n = 41) | Active ideation with plan or attempt (n = 111) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)a, b | OR (95% CI)a | ||
| Age | ||||||
| Spline 18–29 years | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.84 (0.74–0.95)* | 0.95 (0.82–1.09) | ||
| Spline 30–49 years | 1.03 (1.00–1.06)* | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.05 (1.01–1.10)* | ||
| Spline 50+ years | 0.93 (0.88–0.97)* | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 0.77 (0.62–0.95)* | 0.91 (0.85–0.97)* | ||
| Gender—female (vs. male) | 4167 | 77.3 (1.3) | 0.80 (0.67–0.97)* | 1.46 (1.05–2.04)* | 0.42 (0.23–0.78)* | 0.40 (0.28–0.58)* |
| Marital status—married (vs. single, divorced, or legally separated, or widowed) | 2411 | 47.9 (2.0) | 0.75 (0.59–0.95)* | 0.82 (0.54–1.24) | 0.69 (0.31–1.58) | 0.68 (0.46–0.99)* |
| Children in care (vs. no children in care) | 1974 | 38.7 (0.8) | 0.62 (0.43–0.89)* | 0.62 (0.42–0.91)* | 0.46 (0.20–1.06) | 0.63 (0.37–1.10) |
| Lifetime mood disorder before onset COVID‐19 outbreak | 568 | 12.1 (0.7) | 3.22 (2.67–3.89)* | 2.34 (1.65–3.30)* | 5.03 (2.69–9.38)* | 4.64 (3.00–7.18)* |
| Lifetime anxiety disorder before onset COVID‐19 outbreak | 1893 | 37.9 (1.1) | 2.12 (1.59–2.83)* | 1.82 (1.41–2.36)* | 2.64 (1.41–4.93)* | 2.62 (1.49–4.62)* |
| Lifetime substance use disorder before onset COVID‐19 outbreak | 67 | 1.4 (0.2) | 0.62 (0.30–1.30) | 0.21 (0.04–1.26) | 0.24 (0.02–2.97) | 1.34 (0.68–2.63) |
| Other lifetime mental disorder before onset COVID‐19 outbreak | 135 | 2.4 (0.3) | 1.63 (0.96–2.77) | 1.03 (0.38–2.80) | 0.56 (0.09–3.44) | 3.71 (1.90–7.23)* |
| Profession | ||||||
| Medical doctor | 1372 | 20.8 (0.4) | 0.78 (0.48–1.27) | 0.64 (0.37–1.13) | 2.60 (0.64–10.58) | 1.00 (0.43–2.31) |
| Nurse | 1635 | 30.6 (0.6) | 0.66 (0.43–1.00) | 0.54 (0.34–0.87)* | 1.94 (0.46–8.27) | 0.86 (0.45–1.65) |
| Auxiliary nurse | 681 | 18.8 (1.6) | 0.80 (0.56–1.14) | 0.59 (0.38–0.91)* | 3.78 (0.89–16.04) | 1.23 (0.62–2.46) |
| Other professions involved in patient care | 568 | 12.8 (0.7) | 0.67 (0.49–0.93)* | 0.54 (0.28–1.05) | 1.05 (0.22–5.10) | 1.01 (0.52–1.96) |
| Other profession not involved in patient care | 908 | 17.0 (1.6) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Frequency of direct exposure to COVID‐19 patients (scaled 0–4) | 1.9 (0.1) (0.9‐3.1) | 1.11 (1.01–1.23)* | 1.17 (1.04–1.31)* | 0.98 (0.73–1.30) | 1.04 (0.76–1.44) | |
| Changes at work | ||||||
| Changed to specific COVID‐19‐related work location | 1679 | 31.9 (2.2) | 1.27 (0.88–1.85) | 1.40 (0.92–2.12) | 1.68 (0.76–3.73) | 0.91 (0.48–1.75) |
| Changed of team or assigned functionsc | 1316 | 25.5 (1.0) | 1.17 (0.93–1.48) | 1.22 (0.85–1.75) | 1.24 (0.54–2.81) | 1.09 (0.67–1.76) |
| No changes in assigned functions, team or work location | 2169 | 42.6 (1.6) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Frequency of working at home (scaled 0–5) | 0.0 (0.2) (0.0–0.1) | 0.82 (0.75–0.90)* | 0.82 (0.70–0.96)* | 1.07 (0.80–1.44) | 0.78 (0.64–0.94)* | |
| COVID‐19 infection history | ||||||
| Having been hospitalized for COVID‐19 | 55 | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.43 (0.46–4.44) | 1.05 (0.33–3.38) | 1.37 (0.10–18.32) | 2.30 (0.71–7.42) |
| Positive COVID‐19 test or medical COVID‐19 diagnosisd | 845 | 16.6 (2.0) | 1.32 (0.84–2.07) | 1.44 (0.78–2.63) | 0.94 (0.40–2.20) | 1.24 (0.75–2.05) |
| None of the above | 4264 | 82.0 (2.2) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Having been isolated or quarantined because of COVID‐19 | 1258 | 23.3 (1.3) | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.71 (0.49‐1.04) | 1.30 (0.63–2.68) | 0.78 (0.50–1.23) |
| Close ones infected with COVID‐19 | ||||||
| Partner, children, or parents | 730 | 14.4 (2.0) | 1.32 (0.80–2.18) | 1.28 (0.65–2.51) | 0.68 (0.24–1.94) | 1.72 (0.80–3.68) |
| Other family, friends or otherse | 3175 | 60.3 (1.3) | 1.26 (0.94–1.69) | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) | 1.02 (0.51–2.01) | 1.60 (0.81–3.17) |
| None of the above | 1259 | 25.3 (1.9) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
Abbreviations: COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; IQR, interquartile range.
*
Statistically significant (α = .05).
a
All analyses adjust for time of survey (weeks), hospital membership, and all predictors shown in the rows.
b
Due to data sparseness, the model was estimated using Penalized Maximum Likelihood Estimation (Firth‐type Estimation).
c
The category “changed of team or assigned functions” excludes those that changed to a specific COVID‐19‐related work location.
d
The category “positive COVID‐19 test or medical COVID‐19 diagnosis” excludes those having been hospitalized for COVID‐19.
e The category “other family, friends or others” excludes having a partner, children, or parents infected with COVID‐19.