. 2021 Jan 4;38(5):528–544. doi: 10.1002/da.23129

Table 3.

Multivariable associations between 30‐day suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) and potentially modifiable contextual factors (n = 5164)

				Any STB (n = 395)	Passive ideation only (n = 243)	Active ideation without plan or attempt (n = 41)	Active ideation with plan or attempt (n = 111)
		n	% (SE) or Med (SE) (IQR)	OR (95% CI)^a	OR (95% CI)^a	OR (95% CI)^a, ^b	OR (95% CI)^a
Work‐related factors	Average weekly hours worked
	51 h or more	775	13.4 (1.1)	0.78 (0.49–1.25)	0.80 (0.42–1.55)	1.12 (0.50–2.50)	0.61 (0.32–1.17)
	41–50 h	1354	25.6 (2.2)	0.78 (0.71–0.84)^*	0.84 (0.72–0.99)^*	0.75 (0.38–1.45)	0.61 (0.43–0.87)^*
	40 h or less	3035	61.0 (3.0)	(ref)	(ref)	(ref)	(ref)
	Perceived lack of communication, coordination, personnel, or supervision (scaled 0.0–4.0)^c		1.9 (0.1) (1.0–2.5)	1.48 (1.33–1.64)^*	1.36 (1.20–1.53)^*	1.87 (1.37–2.56)^*	1.67 (1.44–1.94)^*
	Perceived lack of coordination (scaled 0–4)		1.6 (0.1) (0.8–2.4)	1.36 (1.18–1.57)^*	1.27 (1.08–1.49)^*	1.53 (1.16–2.03)^*	1.54 (1.27–1.86)^*
	Perceived lack of communication (scaled 0–4)		1.5 (0.1) (0.7–2.3)	1.37 (1.22–1.53)^*	1.22 (1.07–1.40)^*	1.76 (1.35–2.31)^*	1.59 (1.30–1.94)^*
	Perceived lack of personnel (scaled 0–4)		1.5 (0.2) (0.3–2.6)	1.22 (1.11–1.33)^*	1.18 (1.10–1.27)^*	1.49 (1.16–1.91)^*	1.24 (1.02–1.50)^*
	Perceived lack of supervision (scaled 0–4)		1.1 (0.1) (0.0–2.1)	1.28 (1.22–1.34)^*	1.24 (1.13–1.36)^*	1.39 (1.11–1.75)^*	1.34 (1.21–1.49)^*
	Perceived frequency of lack of protective equipment (scaled 0–4)		1.8 (0.1) (1.1–2.6)	1.18 (1.05–1.34)^*	1.21 (1.07–1.36)^*	1.23 (0.92–1.64)	1.08 (0.90–1.30)
	Perceived inefficiency of protective equipment (scaled 0–3)		0.3 (0.0) (0.0–1.1)	1.06 (0.85–1.33)	1.04 (0.79–1.38)	1.05 (0.79–1.39)	1.05 (0.80–1.37)
	Having to make decisions regarding prioritizing care among COVID‐19 patients	858	14.9 (1.3)	1.18 (0.79–1.75)	1.07 (0.67–1.70)	0.96 (0.43–2.16)	1.57 (1.07–2.32)^*
	Having patient(s) in care that died from COVID‐19	1993	37.8 (2.7)	1.07 (0.85–1.36)	1.46 (0.79–2.71)	0.99 (0.50–1.99)	0.64 (0.40–1.02)
Financial factors	Significant loss in personal or familial income	1058	20.4 (0.9)	1.32 (1.03–1.69)^*	1.43 (1.05–1.95)^*	0.97 (0.51–1.84)	1.13 (0.65–1.95)
	Financial stress (scaled 0.0–4.0)^d,^e		0.7 (0.0) (0.0–1.7)	1.39 (1.31–1.48)^*	1.32 (1.16–1.51)^*	1.14 (0.90–1.46)	1.60 (1.28–2.00)^*
	Stress related to job or income loss due to COVID‐19 (scaled 0–4)^e		0.2 (0.0) (0.0–1.4)	1.27 (1.18–1.37)^*	1.21 (1.04–1.42)^*	1.01 (0.81–1.25)	1.44 (1.16–1.79)^*
	Stress related to financial situation (scaled 0–4)^e		0.6 (0.0) (0.0–1.6)	1.38 (1.31–1.45)^*	1.32 (1.21–1.45)^*	1.27 (1.01–1.61)^*	1.52 (1.30–1.78)^*

Abbreviations: COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; IQR, interquartile range.

Statistically significant (α = .05).

^{^a}

Each cell represents a separate regression model, each time adjusting for time of survey (weeks), hospital membership, and all individual characteristics (i.e., age, gender, marital status, having children in care, lifetime mental disorders before onset COVID‐19 outbreak, profession, frequency of direct exposure to COVID‐19 patients, changes in assigned functions, team or work location, frequency of working at home, COVID‐19 infection history, having been isolated or quarantined related to COVID‐19, and COVID‐19 infection of close ones).

^{^b}

Due to data sparseness, the model was estimated using Penalized Maximum Likelihood Estimation (Firth‐type Estimation).

^{^c}

The Perceived lack of communication, coordination, personnel, or supervision scale is created using the four 5‐level Likert‐type items shown in the rows below (see Section 2.2).

^{^d}

The Financial stress scale is created using the two 5‐level Likert‐type items shown in the rows below (see Section 2.2).

^{^e}

Likelihood ratio tests for linearity of effect were significant, and models including polynomials suggest a better model fit when including a quadratic term. For ease of interpretability, we present here the models including the linear term only; models including the quadratic term are presented in Table S5.