Table 3.
Results of neuropsychological measures
| Neuropsychological Measures | Subtest | Variables measured | Smokers (Mean ± SD) | Non-smokers (Mean ± SD) | P < .05. | Cohen’s D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) | – | Global cognition | 26.1 (2.3) | 27.3 (2.6) | 0.002 | .49 |
| The Stroop Color and Word Test | Word condition (W) | Processing speed | 86.02 (14.24) | 87.11 (12.56) | .078 | – |
| Color condition (C) | Processing speed | 52.46 (12.14) | 53.72 (13.7) | .097 | – | |
| Color-word condition (CW) | Selective attention | 31.63 (5.45) | 36.41 (9.32) | ≤ .001 | .62 | |
| Comprehensive Trail making test (CTMT) | Trial 1 | Processing speed | 41.78 (14.57) | 43.09 (11.15) | .055 | – |
| Trial 5 | Alternating attention | 39.34 (11.84) | 44.14 (8.45) | .002 | .47 | |
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 (WCST-64) | Perseveration errorsa | Executive function | 10.3 (6.4) | 8.2 (5.8) | .011 | .34 |
| Non-perseveration errorsa | Executive function | 7.9 (5.8) | 6.6 (5.3) | .026 | .23 | |
| Contextual Memory Test | Immediate recall | Short-term memory | 13.01 (2.45) | 13.97 (2.59) | .006 | .38 |
| Delayed recall | Long-term memory | 11.13 (2.61) | 12.89 (2.72) | ≤ .001 | .66 | |
| The Digit Span Task | Digits Forward | Short-term memory | 5.41 (1.34) | 6.12 (2.11) | .003 | .40 |
| Digits Backward | Working memory | 3.02 (1.24) | 3.86 (.98) | ≤ .001 | .75 | |
| The d2 Test of Attention | TN-Number of all items processed | Processing speed | 386.07 (47.48) | 391.62 (52.36) | 0.052 | – |
| OE-Omission errorsa |
Processing accuracy Carelessness |
7.96 (5.07) | 5.26 (4.74) | ≤ .001 | .55 | |
| CE-Commission errorsa |
Processing accuracy Impulsivity |
2.43 (2.41) | 1.27 (1.85) | ≤ .001 | .54 | |
| TE-Total errorsa | Processing accuracy | 10.39 (6.34) | 6.53 (5.13) | ≤ .001 | .67 | |
| TP-Total performance (TN-TE) | Selective attention | 375.68 (46.53) | 385.09 (51.16) | .044 | .19 | |
| Grooved Pegboard | Dominant Handa | Fine motor dexterity | 73.12 (10.4) | 69.46 (9.24) | .007 | .37 |
a Lower scores are indicative of better performance