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. 2021 Jul 1;41:20. doi: 10.1186/s41232-021-00168-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Schema of future heart regenerative medicine. The outline of heart regenerative medicine in the case of myocardial infarction is shown. When the heart is damaged due to myocardial infarction, heart failure, and so on, cardiomyocytes are preferentially lost. The fibroblasts of the heart remain and replace the lost cardiomyocytes. Currently, a method of transplanting iPS-derived cardiomyocytes is becoming a reality (upper side). Another method is the transduction of the cardiomyocytes based on the remaining fibroblasts. This is the direct cardiac reprogramming (lower side)