Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with COVID-19 categorized according to the presence or absence of Vit-D deficiency (Vit-D <20 ng/mL vs Vit-D ≥20 ng/mL).
| Total N = 200 | Vit-D <20 ng/mL n = 160 | Vit-D ≥20 ng/mL n = 40 | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 74 (15) | 72 (16) | 78 (13) | 0.031 |
| Male sex, % | 55 | 56 | 47 | 0.320 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.2 (4.1) | 26.4 (4.1) | 25.0 (4.1) | 0.063 |
| Current smoking status, % | 17 | 18 | 13 | 0.482 |
| Hypertension, % | 61 | 61 | 62 | 0.884 |
| Type 2 diabetes, % | 20 | 21 | 20 | 0.930 |
| Previous cardiovascular event, % | 18 | 19 | 17 | 0.856 |
| Active cancer, % | 8 | 9 | 5 | 0.375 |
| Previous venous thromboembolism, % | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1.000 |
| Atrial fibrillation, % | 19 | 19 | 17 | 0.787 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, % | 14 | 14 | 15 | 0.839 |
| Obesity, % | 22 | 31 | 22 | 0.301 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–7) | 0.524 |
| Aangiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, % | 26 | 24 | 32 | 0.295 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers, % | 14 | 14 | 17 | 0.547 |
| Beta-blockers, % | 31 | 29 | 40 | 0.196 |
| Calcium channel blockers, % | 22 | 22 | 22 | 0.932 |
| Diuretics, % | 35 | 34 | 40 | 0.506 |
| Statins, % | 16 | 16 | 17 | 0.848 |
| Direct oral anticoagulants, % | 15 | 14 | 17 | 0.621 |
| Vitamin-K antagonists, % | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0.214 |
| Low molecular weight heparin, % | 21 | 19 | 27 | 0.259 |
| Antiplatelets, % | 23 | 24 | 20 | 0.614 |
| Insulin, % | 13 | 14 | 10 | 0.520 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents, % | 11 | 11 | 12 | 0.825 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 131 (20) | 132 (20) | 130 (20) | 0.573 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77 (12) | 78 (12) | 75 (10) | 0.155 |
| Leukocytes, X 103/μL | 8.0 (5.7–11.0) | 7.9 (5.7–10.8) | 8.9 (5.9–11.3) | 0.480 |
| Platelets, X 103/μL | 220 (160–276) | 220 (161–279) | 224 (152–271) | 0.546 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 895 (530–1762) | 903 (493–1943) | 875 (604–1455) | 0.913 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 6.9 (3.6–12.1) | 6.4 (3.6–11.2) | 10.0 (3.3–14.6) | 0.148 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 121 (102–155) | 120 (101–156) | 133 (110–153) | 0.306 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min | 69 (27) | 71 (27) | 62 (27) | 0.079 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, UI/L | 307 (236–432) | 300 (235–406) | 337 (253–469) | 0.213 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.4 (3–3.7) | 3.4 (3.0–3.7) | 3.5 (3.0–3.7) | 0.625 |
| Arterial partial pressure of oxygen/ fraction of inspiration oxygen | 248 (147–294) | 247 (161–290) | 254 (130–304) | 0.715 |
| CURB-65 score | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.296 |
| Vit-D, ng/mL | 11 (7–18) | 10 (6–14) | 28 (23–34) | < 0.001 |
Vit-D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation), median (25–75th percentile) or percentage.
⁎
P-value for comparison between patients with COVID-19 with and without Vit-D deficiency.