Table 3.

Summary of drug strategies to target muscle fibro-adipogenic progenitor differentiation and fate

Therapy	Target	Cell survival	Proliferation	Cell death/apoptosis	Fibrogenesis	Adipogenesis	References
AG1296	PDGFR kinase activity inhibitor	Not evaluated	Reduced?	Not evaluated	Reduced	Not evaluated	[11]
AICAR	AMPK activator	Reduced	Not evaluated	Induced	Not evaluated	Reduced	Saito et al., 2020 [148]
Azathioprine	Immunosuppressant	Not affected	Reduced	Not affected	Not affected	Reduced	Reggio et al 2019 [149]
Batimastat	MMPs inhibitor (including MMP14)	Not affected	Not affected	Not affected	Not affected	Reduced	[14] [104]
BMS493	Pan-retinoic acid receptor (RAR) inverse agonist	Not evaluated	Reduced	Not evaluated	Reduced	Induced spontaneous differentiation	[69]
Dexamethasone	Glucocorticoid receptor	Induced	Induced	Not affected	Not evaluated	Induced	Dong et al., 2014 [150]
HDAC inhibitorsa (TSA and Pracinostat)	HDACs	Not evaluated	Not evaluated	Not evaluated	Reduced	Reduced	[151] [28] [152];
LY2090314 & other GSK inhibitors	GSK3 inhibitors	Slightly decreased	Not affected	Not affected	Mixed results	Reduced	[153]
Metformin	AMPK activator	Not evaluated	Reduced	Not evaluated	Not evaluated	Reduced	[16]
Molsidomine	NO donating molecule	Reduced?	Reduced?	Not evaluated	Reduced	Reduced	[154]
Promethazine hydrochloride	H1 histamine receptor	Not affected	Not affected	Not affected	Not evaluated	Reduced	[72]
SB525334/SB431542	TGFBR kinase activity inhibitor	Reduced	Reduced	Induced after long treatment	Reduced	Not evaluated	[147] [11, 12]
TKIs (imatinib, nilotinib, crenolanib, sorafenib, and masitinib)	Abl, PDGFRs, Kit, DDRs, p38	Reduced	Reduced	Induced	Reduced	Reduced and/or Induced	[59]; [155]; [11, 12]; b[16]; [146];

^aHDACs-mediated effects on FAP fate are seen only in young mdx but not aged mdx mice

^b[16] reported that imatinib enhances the amount of perilipin+ FAP-derived adipocytes in vitro