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. 2021 Jun 17;8:661331. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.661331

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Copyright © 2021 Ghidoli, Colombo, Sangiorgio, Landoni, Giupponi, Nielsen and Pilu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of how plants accumulate quercetin and kaempferol by stopping the activity of DFR (A) and (B) effect of a1 (DFR) mutation on maize seed pigmentation. Genes (enzymes) are abbreviated as follows: c2 (CHS), chalcone synthase; chi1 (CHI), chalcone isomerase; f3h (F3H), flavanone 3-hydroxylase; pr1 (F3′H), flavonone 3′-hydroxylase; a1 (DFR), dihydroflavonol synthase. In (B) R represent red color 1, a regulatory gene conferring anthocyanin pigmentation in the aleurone seed layer.